Brian Martin, in Striking a Needle into Science Essay

Brian Martin, in Striking a Needle into Science stresses the role of partisanship, intervention made in the course of analyzing a case, its impact on the case study and how it affects the views and opinions of the readers. In particular, he made this point by presenting both sides of the controversy, without having to make the conclusion himself. Along this paper will be seen how he argues both for the rejection and acceptance of the theory proposed by Pascal and the supposed publication of the same. Martin utilizes the theory of Pascal in illustrating this point. Pascal made a vast research on the origin of HIV (both HIV 1 and HIV 2) and on the basis of the same and of his knowledge stated that the virus originated from the cultivation of the polio vaccine, particularly cultured through monkeys’ kidneys. The mass vaccination among Africans is said to have started this all and its spread all throughout the countries was made possible through different modes of transfer. The outcome of the said research however was not placed in publication; it was rejected by scientific societies for a reason. Scientific journals refused publication of any of Pascal’s researches and investigation for different reasons. It can be noted however that a few publicists entertained the thought of giving it a chance, considering that Pascal made a thorough investigation stressing his point clear, well supported by appropriate empirical evidence. Martin had been able to collect information both for and against the publication of the same. The point of the analyst in presenting the case is to convey both sides of the controversy; the controversy being the appropriateness of the non-publication of Pascal’s theory by science advocates. In so doing, he gathered evidence and justifications which support the non-publication thereof, obtaining evidence by interviews, written documents and the like of those who support the proposition. In the same way, he gathered pieces of evidence which support the view for the publication of the theory. This is an effective way of presenting a case study. It is to be noted that the analyst never emphasized his own opinion on the appropriateness of the non-publication or the publication of the same, instead, he presented with preciseness and absoluteness the ratiocination of the proponents of both sides, showing the least, if at all, any biases. While the analyst presents the theory supporting the respective claims of the proponents of both sides, he has a different purpose in making the paper. In the course of the discussion, he emphasizes though the relevance, importance and significance of being a non partisan and without intervention in making the paper. In making the case study, he utilizes the modes of interviews, correspondence, gathering of written evidence and documents and particularly makes use of social connections to obtain the necessary information supporting both propositions. In supporting his proposition on non-intervention and his being non-partisan, that is, by presenting both sides of the story, he stresses both the advantages and disadvantages of the controversy. Limiting or supporting one side of the controversy, let say, being a partisan in the course of the case study, Martin opined that this may lead to limited sources of information and thus the impossibility of obtaining a more learned opinion and unbiased statements. Moreover, along the course of the investigation, Martin implicitly stated that in order to satisfy the purpose for which the case study is written, the same must be open to all avenues of discussing the controversies and allowing further studies on the matter when proper. Before proceeding to the next topic, it is important to note at this point of the discussion, the difference on what the analyst wants to convey to the reading public in general, and what his point is. With respect to the public who reads or who will attempt to read his works, he has fulfilled the duty of presenting the controversy, that is, whether or not the theory of Pascal and everything that supports thereto, should be published. Both sides of the controversy are presented by resorting to the ratiocinations and justifications of the proponents of each side. On the other hand, by being the analyst, he presented a different mode of approaching the paper. Initially, he discusses the controversy that he wants to convey to the reading public. Thereafter, he discusses the relevance of obtaining information by resorting to all possible means of doing the same. He indeed, has access to different sources of information and avails of all these in coming up with the case study. His point may not have been understood in the point of view of the readers considering that the readers may understand it as emphasizing and supporting the theory of Pascal, however, his point as the analyst here is the emphasis of non-partisanship in able to present a case study that answers both sides of the controversy. Intertwined with the case study, Martin discusses the relevance and social implications of the controversy. Many science advocates have refused the publication on the theory of Pascal as to the origin of the HIV and how it spreads throughout the various countries in the world, on the other hand, a few of them have supported that indeed there is a need to effect the publication of the work. Among the relevance and social implications of is the medical awareness, health and security among peoples. True, and admittedly, there has been a call for the solution of HIV as a killer disease. By allowing a publication of such kind, taking account further on the qualifications of Pascal and the extensive research he has made on the issue, it opens the possibility of allowing an in-depth and more thorough investigation of the sources, causes of the killer disease to save lives of the people and provide sufficient remedy that is within reach of those afflicted and a mode of prevention to the rest of the world. In addition, Martin’s move of collating all pieces of evidence to support both propositions opens the gate for further scrutiny on the matter at hand. The dissemination of the existence of the theory of Pascal and the discussion made by Martin on it arouses the doubts and such other questions that my have relevance on the veracity of the issue. In this regard, science advocates are thus given the opportunity to refute such an extensive research made by Pascal. Consequently, more researches will be made, a more extensive one basing on more advanced technology and information towards the discovery and even the cure of HIV today. By publication, a researcher or scientist at that is given the opportunity to inform the public of the outcomes and status of current events and their implications on society. In the same way, the discussion on the case study made by Martin had opened the gates of scrutiny of reason to come in allowing a closer look on the veracity and truthfulness of what has been discussed by Pascal in his theory. In the manner of presenting the case study, the author is reflexive in discussing point by point his argument. He considers all possible points that may be argued by some who have opposing views on his discussion. In particularly, being aware that his attempt to explain to publish the theory of Pascal would receive both criticisms, appreciation and approval, by including it in the present case study, Martin presents the arguments of those who have rejected the idea of publication and likewise those who have approved the same. This is an attempt to counter in advance possible oppositions that advocates on the controversy may interpose. From the discussion, it can be seen his awareness to defend all at the same time the theory of Pascal, which is not only because of his superb qualifications on the matter at hand but also on the basis of the extensive research and knowledge of the author on the issue; and likewise the arguments for or against the publication. This did not however effectively foreclose the possibility of further investigation and research considering that every controversy particularly where social relevance is high is involved. In sum, the case study is both an attempt to publish what otherwise would not have allowed publication as in the case of the theory of Pascal; and at the same time an attempt to discuss the relevance of being able to obtain all information possible to stress the point. The case study is a combination of scientific investigation as a matter of substance and as a matter of procedure. Martin, as the analyst, stresses both points by ensuring a thorough discussion on the substantive aspect of the scientific proposition of Pascal and on the relevance of being able to gather information for or against the same. From the case study, it is observed that Martin had attained these two goals at the same time by the presentation of conflicting arguments on a single issue stressing at the same time the social relevance of HIV not only in a number of places in Africa but all throughout the world. In the point of view of the readers, the case study has a scientific relevance, that is, the discovery of the origin of HIV and the subsequent cure of the same (although recently, medical science experts have offered a cure of it). On the other hand, in the point of view of the analyst, the case study comes in two parts, that is, the presentation of the scientific relevance of the then medical controversy (which is currently already deemed curable) and the emphasis of being able to obtain all information possible to obtain such information. Being a non-partisan indeed allows access to both sides of a story, and as an analyst, Martin has just effectively done it!

Opinion of Shared Governance Essay

What is your opinion of shared governance? â€Å"In shared governance, as in nursing, the primary resources for practice are the providers themselves. Thus, to control practice, nurses must have influence over themselves as a professional group,† ( Hess, R. 2011. P.3). I believe when shared governance is actually thoroughly exercised, nurses claim the power they can have by utilizing leadership and optimal practice. I strongly believe this mindset can greatly improve job satisfaction and patient care outcomes. List short-term and long-term advantages and barriers to this type of model. Short-term: sense of empowerment, nurses can influence the processes, staff becomes accountable for their actions Long-term: improves communication and cooperation/teamwork, promotes compromise, since everyone is involved staff learns to listen to other viewpoints. Compared to other types of organizational structures, is a shared governance model better for nursing? I do believe that shared governance is a better model for structure in nursing. This model promotes democracy and teamwork while others tell you what your goals are; shared governance encourages staff to brainstorm their own goals which fosters pride and compliancy. â€Å"Shared governance is collaboration, whether in scheduling staff, educating new staff, or implementing evidence-based practice. It involves teamwork, problem-solving, and accountability, with the goals of improved staff satisfaction, productivity, and patient outcomes. It is working together to make decisions that affect nursing practice and patient care. It is working with other disciplines for the good of the patient. It is collaborating to improve nursing practice,† (Bonsall, L. 2011. p.1) How do Magnet hospitals fit into the shared governance model? Magnet hospitals and shared governance share many characteristics including excellent teamwork, low nurse burnout/turnover rates, and optimal patient outcomes. Each encourages the nurse to express opinions and listen to others’ as well. Open mindedness is coupled with high standard of practice. These two are highly motivational. Resources: Bonsall, L. (2011). What is Shared Governance? Nursing’sCenter in the Round. Retrieved from

The future of a business and why it depends on sustainable approaches Essay

The future of a business and why it depends on sustainable approaches that it adopts - Essay Example Survival of a company largely, depends on strategies that it develops. Sustainable business approach does not only address how the firm will increase its profit margin, but also addresses planet and people. The only viable future for business is to become a sustainable business in a sustainable society. The future of a business depends on sustainable approaches that it adopts. This concept is quite broad thereby necessitating critical structures that would handle the business towards achieving its goals. This paper will address the following core concepts. The first section will address economic viability of a business that focuses on modalities of creating profit. Ethical viability will focus on the business and its influence in the environment. Social viability will address manageability, system viability, and sustainability. The second section of the paper will address the concept of business sustainability. Sustainability has broad concept that include resource consumption, socia l mandate, political support, environmental impact, and image. Analysts contend that the definition of viability with respect to business is the ability to survive (Sarkis, et.al. 2010:104). Many entrepreneurs peg viability to profit margin. The projection within the working environment should indicate that the organization would be able to make some profit. Entrepreneur’s expectation is that their businesses will be able to pick up and justify their investment by generating profit. When the business projects its viability into the future the situation would create sustainability. Sustainability means the ability of the business to remain viable into the future. Sustainable activities of the business would not only look at economic viability, but also the environment. Economic viability A business that intends to be viable in the future has to operate within ethical and socially acceptable manner. The idea behind such operations looks at the interest of the consumer with resp ect to company products. Consumer behaviors influence the profit margin of a firm. It means that the business must produce products that address needs of the consumers without harm or exploitation. When a form engages in a business that depletes the resources with the environment, the survival of the business would be at stake because it would not be able to generate products in the market (Richards, 2009:175). A firm that does not demonstrate sustainable methods of operation does not respect the ethical measures within the society. For instance, business operation has to create a room for the consumers to buy similar product in the future. What would be the condition of the market condition in an event of product depletion? The outcome of the market condition would be economically dead. Thus, economic viability of the business addresses the issues of continuity. Business, which gets huge profit margin for a short term, would not be economically viable because it does not have the c apacity to survive in the future. Entrepreneurs evaluate conditions of market or the environment where they intend to create their enterprises. Economic viability as a consideration would address the following factors accessibility of raw materials, costs associated with business operation, government policies, effects to the environment and future development among other factors (Richards, 2009:174). Practices, which influence the

Life and Faith of Flannery O'Connor Research Paper

Life and Faith of Flannery O'Connor - Research Paper Example The influence had been developed with her participation in the Roman Catholic Church. 2. As a qualified social scientist, O’Connor used symbolism and imagery that had been developed in her creative aspect. She had been an amateur writer and editor who had started expressing her writing skills within the qualified agencies. 3. Majority of the scenes that she had created in her works had been from the Southern region where she had emanated from with the struggle between spirituality and unholy concepts. Conclusion: O’Connor had been an intelligent and creative writer who had used sharp imagery and symbolism in her works. The use of religious intuition and strange characters also generated the development in the plot within her short stories. Introduction In the development of any writing, the author depicts certain qualities to issue their identity. Flannery O'Connor had advanced the American literature style to include aspects that accorded the identity needed to advance the development of stories and literal skills. She also presented her literal skills in completing variable commentaries and followed the style in the Southern Gothic technique to include gross characters. The artist intuition to include religion and beliefs in their writings also favored the outcome that presented a distinct ploy development. O’Connor presented her faith in the writings that she completed that held the Roman Catholic beliefs. Most plots that had been developed predicted the beliefs of the author towards the societal setting. Apart from the entertainment provision of the literal works, the plot advanced served as sources of inspiration and educational lessons to the readers. O’Connor had been consistent in her writing to suggest the moral behavior in the society and present the adversity of faith in reconstructing the broken norms (Scott 61). Most of the stories that she had written sought to present reformations needed to create stability within the societal setting as she completed progress into a righteous individual. Through Flannery O’Connor’s short stories, the readers are able to gain incentive on her faith and the lifestyle that the she had upheld. O’Connor’s stories had been created to advance religious aspects to present God’s works within the societal setting. She had been an established Roman Catholic follower and had the knowledge that her readers had been from a wider religious setting. She had the knowledge that individuals shared varied faith and sought to present moral behavior in the completed writings (Kirk 125). She achieved the fete through completing plot development in holding shocking, with mostly chaotic and bizarre characters. She presented the regional context in the generation of the characters that were applied in a colorful and organized plot development. O’Connor polished the setting in her stories through rich symbolism and manipulation of the words that i ssued direct comparison with events in society (Orvell 128). She had advanced her efforts of developing her writing career through early education qualification in social science, while completing duties as the editor in her leisure time. Although she had suffered from lupus, she advanced the prospect of completing stories that explained the need to uphold the necessary moral standards in the society. The fictional writings had been completed to offer the needed measures to advance spiritual consideration as she

Does relaying on rats testing proofs that the chemical BPA can cause Research Paper

Does relaying on rats testing proofs that the chemical BPA can cause human effect if yes or no how - Research Paper Example s who believe that rats do not share enough similarities with humans to provide proof of the effects that chemicals such as BPA will have on the human body. The following annotated bibliography explores the use of rats in testing with the endocrine disrupter BPA to show that rat testing can be useful in ascertaining the effects of chemicals on the human body. Ashby, J, and H Tinwell. ‘Uterotrophic Activity of Bisphenol A in the Immature Rat.’ Environmental Health Perspectives 106.11 (1998): 719–720. Print. This original research article explores the effects of BPA on the immature rat uterus. This study has been mentioned within a lot of the secondary sources within this bibliography, and therefore should be included. It was featured in a peer-reviewed journal, which means the results are reliable. It provides the evidence that BPA has a toxic effect on rats, although it does not illustrate whether this is useful when considering the human effect. Diel, Patrick et al. ‘Ability of Xeno- and Phytoestrogens to Modulate Expression of Estrogen-sensitive Genes in Rat Uterus: Estrogenicity Profiles and Uterotropic Activity’. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 73.1–2 (2000): 1–10. Web. 23 Feb. 2012. This original research article explores the effect of BPA and other xenoestrogens on the rat uterus. Like many of the other studies, it does not provide data from human studies for direct comparison, but conclusions are drawn, which suggests that the results are reliable enough for this journal. Many of the studies focus on the uterine effects, although there are effects on males as well as other physiological effects. Gupta, Ramesh C. Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology. Academic Press, 2011. Print. One of the most prominent effects that have been suggested by animal and human studies are developmental and reproductive. This book is an exploration of the toxic effects of many compounds on the reproductive and early developmental

Hardware and Software Specifications Table Assignment

Hardware and Software Specifications Table - Assignment Example But, the need and want of executives to have latest technology on their desk on a consistent basis makes middle and technological management of the company to search for the best alternative and they do not have the option and luxury to misfire because top dollars of the company are usually at the stake in these kinds of matters. Therefore, they always search the local and international market for suitable and reasonable piece of technology that has the power and ability to serve multiple needs and wants of the senior-child of the company. The world of technology is changing rapidly and due to this reason, the companies attempt to acquire latest technology in order to minimize their obsolesce costs in the long run prospective. Nevertheless, it is a common but wrongly enforced belief that the machine that has all the state of the art components is the best. The abovementioned statement is illogical because in most number of cases, we do not require a heuristic machine in all dimension s and we ought to focus on the essentials. The plan that we are going to develop is going to value the essentials and invest in them as well. But, when it comes to nonessentials and luxuries then, we should opt for least expensive items in order to sponsor both efficiency and effectiveness. The technological solution that we are going to propose will sport state of the art video conferencing infrastructure and video cards with a wide screen laptops so that our President and his team should never face a problem in screen viewing while tele communicating. The company’s administration has decided to buy an array of products that can be resold at a reasonable price so that the company can recover some percentage of the cost of items’ depreciation. Moreover, the basic and fundamental purpose of the newly acquired technological intervention is to provide the executive with swift and reliable internet connectivity and experience. The paramount importance will be given to mana ge the cost and benefit of the product so that the notion of efficiency and effectiveness will be well served. Additionally, the focal point of the buying and installing new equipment in the President’s office is a challenge to say the least because it has to conform to the requirements of President’s job while it should also be according to his liking in majority of its features. The man in question is a practicality oriented one and therefore, he always values productivity over showoffs and unproductive investments. Nonetheless, the company’s technical management will look to get a powerful device whose ability to conduct and support video conferencing must be excellent and the price dimension must also be reasonable. The idea is to strike a balance cost and benefit of the product reasonably. Table 1 Hardware Components Input Devices Attributes Associated Org. need Keyboard The standardized laptops featured soft keyed keyboards Create and edit documents in MS office Mouse The company will use external mouse because they are user friendly Create and edit documents in MS office Scanner The state of the art Laser scanners will be acquired Sending documents via emails and saving documents in pdf Digital Camera The 5.0 megapixel cameras will be purchased To take

International Trade 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

International Trade 2 - Essay Example Free trade is not perfect and as you mentioned in your response it also has disadvantages. In the United States a lot of factories have closed down because the firm’s owners decided to move the operation oversees in search of cheaper labor and lower operating costs. I agree with you that imposing barriers of trade is a counterproductive strategy. Most countries around the world have moved away from protectionism practices that impose barriers of trade and instead they are joining the free trade movement. There are many bilateral and multilateral trade agreements worldwide including NAFTA, MERCOSUR, TPP, and G-3. You are correct in your premise that the decision of using free trade should be made by the governments of each nation. Sometimes governments have to move away from free trade in certain industries in order to protect a local product. Protectionism practices are often used in the agricultural industry. Trucknews.com. 23 March 2012. â€Å"NAFTA trade totals reach record level in 2011 at $904 billion. 8 April 2013.

Issues on Graduating With Student Loan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Issues on Graduating With Student Loan - Essay Example They don’t realize the fact that it is getting difficult for those students who do not belong to those affluent families who can afford it easily but they left behind although they do have the potential and capability, and they do deserve to achieve quality education to enhance and flourish their amazing skills and talents (Baum 75).According to my point of view, these students do have a right to enroll into good colleges and get high standard education because this is not their fault that they don’t belong to wealthy families, then they don’t deserve to be left behind. Before getting a student loan, one should not hurry up and make a decision of getting one. There are some issues which students should know, and then after resolving them, think whether they should go for getting a loan from their respective universities or not. It has been found during the past few years that the number of students who are finding it hard to pay of the student load is increasing. This is a grave issue faced by the universities and because of this; cost of educating student is rising like anything which is creating great trouble in providing educational services. The price of education being provided by both public and private institutions is rising by 37% and 25% respectively and around 18% rise in each borrower’s debt due to student loan (Moomaw 213). These statistics are clearly demonstrating the current student loan situation which should be analyzed and brought under consideration in order to stop and to fulfill the dreams of millions of deserving students (Moomaw 213). As there has been a parallel rise in the cost of education overall, universities are facing many issues in graduating students with the help of these loans as well as students are facing many problems. The student debt problem has to be resolved, and many people are coming up with some wise solutions like giving multiple proposals to the universities which includes different reven ue generating activities and convincing donors to provide more funds for the universities so that this financial problem can be fixed. Numerous types of proposals have been passed like increasing Pel Grants, student loan forgiveness and many others(Martin par. 6).. Spreading awareness among the borrowers is also another solution. This will not give an instant result in curing this issue, but at least one can make a try. But still, we have to look over to issues carefully and start working on them (Cooper 75). In order to decide whether graduating from a university with the help of a student loan will be worth it or not, the student needs to know about the pros and cons of this student loan. Some student loans provide a facility of deferred loans. This helps them to pay off loans once they get employed, but the issue with such types of student loans is this that in this case, the student will not grasp the real consequences of the debt. But this option is considered to be one of thos e which are seen as the last resort to many of the students. Here the issue that was faced by the universities and especially located in US was that more than half of the graduates, around 53.6%, didn’t have any job. They were unable to pay back their loan on time, causing many problems. Therefore, student loans should only be transacted to a student after analyzing his capability to pay it back in future; the lowest possible amount should be given which can be

The Relationship of Social Class and Educational Attainment in the US Essay Example for Free

The Relationship of Social Class and Educational Attainment in the US Essay Introduction Social class typically refers to an individual’s position in an established hierarchy in a particular society. Classifications of people have been established in all societies since the dawn of civilization. The hierarchy may be based on wealth, ability, education, occupation, even geographical location. Historically, social class pertains to groupings to refer to occupation or role, i.e. landlord or tenant. Each grouping is accompanied by privileges and responsibilities, with varying levels of control and power within the society.   It also generally carries some type of class identity, so while it applies to individuals, it is not merely a personal characteristic, but exists within a certain context that applies to groups of people. This shared identity is affected by attitudes and lifestyle of its members, and thus establishes a â€Å"culture† or a set of values and practices. (â€Å"Social class†)   The purpose of this paper is to consider current research   that deal with the degree of correlation, if any, between social class and educational attainment in the United States. Review of Literature Education is considered the most widely used aspect that determines social position together with occupational status and income, but none of these factors are pure concepts to be taken in isolation. They are each affected by other social factors such as race and ethnicity.   Educational attainment directly affects social status in the sense that it provides credentials and access to economic benefits as well as establishes social networks.   In the period between 1940 and 1980, the number of persons to have completed higher education has increased to 68.6% of the total US population according to census data. (MacArthur and MacArthur â€Å"Measurement approaches†) The role of education in achieving social status is an important one, and attempts to study the variables that directly affect educational outcomes usually focus on parental education and occupation as well as race, gender and cognitive ability. A study of 1,927 subjects focused on the effect of self-esteem and locus of control (nature of environmental control) on educational outcomes of children net of these other factors. It was found self-esteem and locus of control affect educational outcomes independent of each other and of other variables. (Wang, Kick, Fraser and Burns 288-289) While some people are born into a class, such as royalty, most develop social mobility through shifts in education, occupation or income. There are no tangible measurements to establish social class, but it may be inferred from general guidelines based on achievements. Of the indicators of social status, education is considered the simplest and most universal, although it is limited generally up to early adulthood, when educational activity typically ends. Social class may have significant effects on educational attainment mostly because social class is typically associated with economic capacity. Wealth has a substantial impact on education because it provides access to resources that may not be available to one of lower economic means. Other characteristics of social class include levels of self esteem and locus of control, which also has significant effects on educational outcomes and occupational choice. (â€Å"Social class†) Rouse and Barrow state that students from lower socioeconomic families tend to attain less in education because they have greater psychological costs and less access to good schools that those from families with higher incomes (99). Since higher education attainment translates to occupations with higher earning potential, the long-term effect of this trend is to propagate a cyclical pattern of disadvantaged families producing low-earning progeny who will in turn raise a disadvantaged family. Attempts to break this cycle through programs like the â€Å"No Child Left Behind Act† has met with small success. Many studies conclude that smaller class sizes are the most effective way to improve student achievement. The importance of social class in influencing a person’s life prospects is investigated in the US. The goal of providing equal opportunity for all Americans in achieving success in life solely through their own efforts and skills regardless of social class is as yet not completely in place. Social class still has a great influence on an individual’s chance in leading a productive existence despite efforts to level the playing field. The tendency for parents, even in an open and fair democracy, to extend the advantages which they have to further the interests of their children prevails, resulting in a greater access to opportunities and resources. This is especially true of people from the higher socioeconomic class in the United States. (McMurrer and Sawhill â€Å"Class Still Matters†) Data from following the progress of 20,000 eight graders from 1988 to 1994 from the National Education Longitudinal Study (NELS) of 1988 provided a wealth of information about the educational experiences of the subjects. The subjects were divided in four groups based on their socioeconomic status, the first group (Group 1) being the most advantaged and the fourth group (Group 4) the most disadvantaged. Results showed that the average test scores of children from Group 1 were higher that those from Group 4. Group 4 children were more likely to be held back and to drop out of high school than those in Group 1. The results also suggest that parental abilities, which may be hereditary, may account for the economic status of the family, and should also be considered as an influence on educational attainment. (Rouse and Barrow 100-102) A study by Gordon Dahl and Lance Lochner focused on the effect of higher income on academic performance. They found for every $ 1,000 increase in income for a family with two children, math and reading scores also increased up to 5%. (Rouse and Barrow 104) The correlation between fathers and sons in the US with regards to income and occupations is very strong, to a degree of 0.4, which means that there is a significant probability that an adult son will approximate the income of the father, and sons of white collar workers has double the probability than sons of blue collar workers to become a white collar worker. (McMurrer and Sawhill â€Å"Class Still Matters†) Source: http://www.urban.org/publications/307017.html#chart2#chart2 Recent trends suggest that the attainment of higher education has begun to change this pattern of occupational mimicry. This is fueled by the economic boom in the US which has unfortunately slowed down, and the trend of an upwardly mobile labor force has slowed down with it. Overall, upward mobility composition is that of growing individual opportunity (college education) and a lackluster economy. Social class in no longer the force it had been before, which will benefit people from the lower socioeconomic brackets. For those in the upper social strata, the emphasis on individual ability and skills and the decline of social class importance will likely result in a drop in social status. (McMurrer and Sawhill â€Å"The Offsetting Effect of Economic Growth†) One considerable portion of the US population which may benefit from this decline in insular social classification is second-generation Americans, or those who were born in the US of immigrant parents. Nearly one-fourth of young Americans are second-generation immigrants and most are found in the cities like Los Angeles. Recent migration trends in the US have transformed the social character of American society to a marked degree. The long-term effects of these patterns are most evident in the educational attainment profile of the population. On average, these second generation population, especially those of Asian ethnic origin, exhibit better academic performance than native-born Americans. As an illustration, 32% of all Asian high school graduates who applied for slots in the University of California was accepted, as compared to 16% eligible native-born American, and 7% of Latino-descended applicants. (Feliciano) Feliciano accounts for these disparities by considering two explanations: cultural values, belief systems and attitude differences, i.e. children of Asian families tend to be more successful because of the high currency placed on academic achievement; and structural differences, i.e. accessibility of opportunities and resources. Immigrant social class status may be different before and after migration to the US, which could explain why some groups are more successful at overcoming barriers to educational attainment such as poverty and low socioeconomic status than others. To investigate this theory, relevant pre-migration information on educational levels in 31 immigrant groups was determined by cross-referencing census data in the US and the home country of the immigrant group from 1997 to 2001, using the Net Difference Index. The subjects were second-generation Americans ages 20-40 with at least some college education. Results show that immigrants to the US tended to have attained higher educational levels than those who stayed in the home country, especially those who come from countries remote from the US, such as Asian countries. (Feliciano â€Å"Methodology†) In considering the correlation of pre-migration class status with second-generation educational attainment, a strong positive relationship was revealed.   Regardless to their social status in the US, children of highly-educated immigrants demonstrated the highest educational attainment rates. While pre-migration class status had a significant effect on second-generation educational attainment, economic security in the US as a factor accounted for 41% of the variability. In effect, to accurately account for ethnic variability in academic success among second-generation Americans, social status of the parents before and after migration should be considered. Such cross-referencing adequately explains 60% of the disparity in educational attainment observed in this population segment. (Feliciano â€Å"Pre-Migration Origins and Second Generation Outcomes†) Summary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Social class is a nebulous concept that dictates the individual’s eventual role in society to a great extent. Educational attainment depends in a significant way on social class because of the socioeconomic factors that influence is such as income, occupation and family values are all related to social class. Individuals from the higher social class are more likely to have parents who possess high cognitive ability, more self-esteem, more money and better access to resources that would enable the attainment of higher education such as college. Second-generation Americans with immigrant parents who have lower social status in the US but higher social status in the home country are more likely as well to complete a college education. However, public policies and other programs aimed at providing higher education access to individuals from lower social classes could help to break the like father-like son trend in educational attainment and occupational choice and facilitate an upwardly mobile majority. References â€Å"Social class.† Encyclopedia of Public Health. 2007. 15 March 2007. http://www.answers.com/topic/class-structure Feliciano, Cynthia. â€Å"Another way to assess the second generation: look at the parents.† Migration Information Source. 1 May 2006. 15 March 2007. http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=396 MacArthur, John D. and MacArthur, Catherine T. â€Å"Educational Status.† UCSF. 8 August 2001. 15 March 2007. http://www.macses.ucsf.edu/Research/Social%20Environment/notebook/education.html Mani, Anandi and Mullin, Charles H. â€Å"Choosing the right pond: social approval and occupational choice.† Williams College. October 2001. 15 March 2007. http://www.williams.edu/Economics/mani/manimullin.pdf McMurrer, Daniel P. and Sawhill, Isabel V. â€Å"The declining importance of class.† Urban Institute. Number 4 in Series, Opportunity in America 01 April 1997. 15 March 2007. http://www.urban.org/publications/307017.html Rouse, Cecilia Elena and Barrow, Lisa. â€Å"U.S. elementary and secondary schools: equalizing opportunity or replicating the status quo?† The Future of Children 16.2 (2006) 15 March 2007. http://www.futureofchildren.org/usr_doc/06_5563_Rouse-Barrow.pdf Wang, Li-Ya, Kick, Edward, Fraser, James, and Burns, Thomas Jerome. â€Å"Status attainment in America: the roles of locus of control and self-esteem in educational and occupational outcomes.† The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. (2007) 15 March 2007. http://www.unc.edu/~fraser18/publications/Locus_of_Control_SelfEsteem_%20and_Status_Attainment.pdf

The Importance of Photography in Market Essay Example for Free

The Importance of Photography in Market Essay Nowadays, a lot of people are dissatisfied with Computer Generated Images. They complain about unethical behavior in these images because these are usually unreal or copied version of the original; thus, this pictures can destroy the reputation of any brand (Spurgin, 2003). However, there are several reasons that show shooting a real picture is the best way for a business to promote its image. I. Relationship Between Photography and Business Photography is one of the steps of be success for a company. â€Å"The most successful brands achieve fame through their use of iconic imagery† (Roalfe, 2006, P.26) Long text ads are not useful any more, and these are not grab attention of any body. This not the thing that companies wants from ads. This is like just throw money to the garbage. On the other hand, a picture can grab attention of customers just at a glance, this is what really companies are need. Pictures act like a hook for Ads. â€Å"The reaction you want is for your images to hold people’s attention for as long as possible† (P.27). However, if picture is perfect, but irrelevant to companies’ product is worth nothing. Companies and advertisement agencies can make profit with having right, interesting, relevant and real picture of their ads, or they can have paper which â€Å"is not worth the paper it’s printed on†. (Muhleman, 2005, P. 23) II. Perfect Picture can Equal Successful Brand. â€Å"The visuals you use will create a perception of your firm in the mind of the people who see them† (P.24). â€Å"The right picture is worth a thousand  words. It can tell you story, showcase your products, and intrigue, interest or excite your audience† (P.23). The picture that a company uses for an ad is presenting not only company’s product but also the personality of the company (Muhleman, 2005). Who, How and How Much? â€Å"To know how best to present yourself and your firm, you first have to know who you are. And that’s not always as simple as it sounds† (P.25). After the company owners knows who they are and what they want, they can ask for a photo. However, it is difficult to decide which photo is better (Muhleman, 2005). However, more difficult thing is to find and choose a photographer. Uli Weber, photographer, gives an example: â€Å"choosing photographer for MS company is never as easy as one might think. MS is not a high fashion brand but it is the nation’s favorite high-street fashion brand. Most of the top fashion photographers only really specialize in high fashion. Their shots usually turn the models into something quite cold, where as we were looking for warmth and humanity for MS† (Roalfe, 2006, P.26). Here is one the way to find the best photographer for a company: â€Å"Better yet, get help with photography from your agency or public relations partner. They’re already familiar with photographers in area, and can often get you a better deal with the good ones due to other relationship† (Muhleman, 2005, P.26). How much really should pay for a good photo?! There is not a particular price for a perfect image. Price is depending on company’s job. Further, company’s location, how many photo, when, where and what is subject are make different price (Muhleman, 2005). â€Å"The best advice is to check around look at photographer portfolios, find a few whose work you likes, and get several quotes. Often negotiate based on use. Try to get a buy-out of rights so you can use images whenever and wherever you need them† (P.26). Price is not as important as people think. If a photographer with cheaper price cannot give company what they really want and need, company will be in trouble because of wasting money and time. Remember, â€Å"It is not about your own personal choice of what you think might make a good shot; it’s about what is right for the brand† (Roalf, 2006, P.26). The other way to have perfect photo is using stock photos. However, there is always one problem that â€Å"photos are â€Å"royalty free†. And because you’re not buying the rights, they’re wide open to anyone to use at any time, so there’s a good chance you’ll see them in others ads, including your competitors† (Muhleman, 2005, P.26). Absolutely, a company pay for the rights to a photo, with high quality, the cost is higher but company has the photo that its needs and wants (Muhleman, 2005). According to Photography It’s a Relationship by Graham Medcalf, the other way to find better photographer is having campaign. â€Å"That’s where the agent comes in, and Force believes strongly in the concept of collective of different talents that can be recommended to achieve the desired result. Despite this, she says, â€Å"at the end of the day agencies are going to choose the photographer want to choose† (Medcalf, 2008, P.28). I II. The effects of digital technology on photo market Digital technology has effected to different section of market, photographer jobs and photo market which includes manufactures and customers behavior (Medcalf, 2008). â€Å"Photography has changed more in the past decade than ever before. Digital and internet have meant big changes for the industry and photographers have had to re-educate themselves and adopt to change very quickly† (P.26). Further, digital cameras are easy to use which is increasing the number of pictures taken. A lot of people who used to have a photographer for their ceremonies, wedding and anniversaries are taking advantage of digital photo cameras, and they shoot photos by their self. Thus, wedding photography has been affected negatively. In fact, wedding photographers are trying to survive by having ads like â€Å"your wedding day is the most important day for your life† (Havkins, J K, 2006, P.35), but ads are not as useful as they need. On the other hand, the other photographers like photojournalism, documentary photographer and action photographer take advantage of stock photography. â€Å"There are many publications that use images from photographers in different markets, because locals do not submit their own work† (P.35). Digital technology helps photographer to stock photos easier, faster and  cheaper; also, with fewer changes from original ones. Another advantage is saving time (Roalfe, 2006). â€Å"The advantage of working on digital is that you can see the images straight away on screen. This allows for a much quicker turn around because you can pick and choose images as you go along, immediately after each shot has been taken† (Roalfe, 2006, P.27). The number of digital picture taken has been increased rapidly. â€Å"Even accounting for population growth the exponential growth of photos is incredible (we take 4 times as many photos as 10 year ago). In total we have now taken over 3.5 trillion photos. The kind of photos we are taking has changed drastically – analog photos have almost disappeared – but the growth of photos continues.† (Good, 2011, Para.5) â€Å"According to survey by unity marketing (ww.unitymarketingonline.com), 44% of consumers agreed with the following statement regarding their participation in photography: â€Å"I enjoy taking pictures. I do so throughout the year, not only for special occasions. I like having a lot of pictures†. On the other hand, approximately one third of responders were less involved and agreed with this statement: â€Å"I take pictures occasionally on holidays and special occasions. Some time taking picture is a bother† (Miller Washington, 2007, P.86). This survey shows not only people who enjoy photography but also the other group prefers to take picture by their self which has been effected photo market; U.S. market is a good example. â€Å"According to the consumer Electronic Association (www.ce.org) 23.16 million digital cameras sold in 2005, a 22.8% increase over 2004. The value of digital cameras sold in 2005 was $6.13 billion, a 29.7% increase† (P.86). Photography industries needed to change their plan; process lines, machines even staff for producing digital camera that is cost a lot and take a long time. Kodak was one of the largest photo industries in the world. For being  successful in the market, Kodak had been trying to revenue their process line. According to Picture Imperfect written by Carry Barret and David F. Carr established in September 2004, for surviving as a digital enterprise Kodak were supposed to change all process lines from analog to digital if so they could give new products and services to their customers. Their problem did not only has changed analog camera to digital but also the way people print pictures. People prefer to print at home instead of taking time to have print from industry printers. They do not need to go out, and they do not need to pay a lot for have high quality photo. They save time and money. On the other hand, home printing has been decreasing the profit of companies like Epson and Canon. In short, after having huge budget for startup new process lines and trying to survive Kodak is facing bankruptcy in 2011(Eastman Kodak files for bankruptcy protection, 2012). The effect of digital technology is not only negative. Social network websites like Facebook and Flickr, and digital camera and printer maker industries like Canon, Epson, Hewlett-Packard and Sony are raising huge money annually. In conclusion, photography is one of the most important parts of market. All companies needs photo for their advertising. Because of the digital cameras, the number of photographers has been growing up which makes more competition so companies can have better advertise. This is a sad fact that some businesses have been losing money because of the digital technology. However, the advantages of digital technology are more. People enjoy photography more than past decade, which makes more needs to the market. In addition a lot of businesses have a chance to find customer needs and use them to be successful. References Miller, R. K., Washington, K. D. (2007). CHAPTER 14: PHOTOGRAPHY. In , Leisure Market Research Handbook (pp. 86-88). Richard K. Miller Associates. Medcalf, G. (2008). Photography : Its a relationship thing. Admedia, 23(8), 26-31. Roalfe, M. (2006). THE ART OF PHOTOGRAPHY. Campaign (UK), 26-27. Spurgin, E. W. (2003). Whats Wrong with Computer-Generated Images of Perfection in Advertising?. Journal Of Business Ethics, 45(3), 257-268. Barrett, L., Carr, D. F. (2004). PICTURE IMPERFECT. Baseline, (34), 28-48. Muhleman, J. (2005). Picture Your Brand. Franchising World, 37(2), 23-26. Eastman Kodak files for bankruptcy protection. Retrieved January 19, 2012, from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-16625725 Good, J. (2011). How many photos have ever been taken?, from http://1000memories.com/blog/94-number-of-photos-ever-taken-digital-and-analog-in-shoebox Hawkins, J. and Hawkins, K. (2006). Marketing and Selling Techniques for Photographers. Buffalo, N.Y.: Amherst Media

Rohingya Refugees Health Problems and Health Seeking

Rohingya Refugees Health Problems and Health Seeking Title: HEALTH PROBLEMS HEALTH CARE SEEKING BEHAVIOR OF ROHINGYA REFUGEES Abstract Background:  Rohingya refugees are the most vulnerable group due to lack of health care system, personal hygiene, shelter, sanitation and violence. In this study the main aim to find out the health problems health care seeking behavior of rohingya refugee peoples, to identify the socio-demographic information for such exposure group in relation to age, sex, occupation, living areas, to explore the patients physical, emotional, perceptions, attitudes and environmental health problems and to bring out health care seeking behavior of refugees. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study. Total 149 samples were selected conveniently for this study from the refugee camps. Data was collected by using mixed type of questionnaire. Descriptive statistic was used for data analysis which focused through table, pie chart and bar chart. Results: The finding of the study showed that 45.6% participants had multiple problems followed by 16.8% participants had other specific problems like muscul oskeletal pain, visual problems and peptic ulcer. Urinary tract infection is the leading individual health problems, among the participants 11.4% had this problem, 10.7% participants had hypertension, 6% had respiratory tract infection, 3.4% had nutrition deficiency, 4.75% had diabetes mellitus and 1.3% had sanitation hygiene problems. Among the participants the middle age people had mostly health problems, 68.4% age range between 15-59 years. The study showed that, only 16.1% participants were satisfied with the quality of service they received, among the participants 37.6% participants said that they were need better services such as more laboratory test, radiological imaging, more medicine more doctors. Conclusion:  It is clear that refugee peoples suffered from lots of health problems, because there living condition, environmental situation not similar like an independent nations, from being their expectation there was not sufficient enough medicine other services were avai lable, they deserve better services. Keywords:Health problems, Rohingya refugee, Health seeking behaviour, Bangladesh. Introduction: Rohingyas are an ethnic, linguistic and religious minority group of Northern Rakhine State (NRS) of Myanmar. Myanmar government categorized them as illegal immigrants from Bangladesh and excluded them from citizenship and basic human rights (1). From 1991-1992 a mass exodus of more than 250,000 Rohingya refugees fled persecution in the Union of Myanmar and arrived in Bangladesh, living in temporary camps and completely dependent on outside support from the United Nations (UN), the Government of Bangladesh (GOB) and numerous non-governmental organizations (NGOs) (2,3,4). Globally, the total population of refugees is about 9.9 million. The general health status of refugees in various countries is reported to be poor with malnutrition being the major health problem due to lack of access to sufficient food and nutrient intakes. Other health problems among refugees include mental illnesses, intestinal parasites, hepatitis B, tuberculosis, sexually transmitted diseases, HIV/ AIDS, malaria and anemia (2, 5). Infants and young children are often the earliest and most frequent victims of violence, disease, and malnutrition which accompany population displacement and refugee outflows. Rohingyas are spending long period of time in Bangladesh as refugees My life is over. All I want is for my children to have a chance at a better life. Two generations of the Rohingya have said this. The vast majority of their community suffers the same neglect and lack of opportunity that their parents faced at present, there are no specific services available to refugee children with special needs or disabilities. With regards to cases of sexual exploitation of children, there have been reports and cases of refugee minors (females) being harassed, abused or raped by local villagers. A survey found that out of 508 children of under 5 years of age, 65% were anemic and therefore, chronically malnourished (4, 6, 7). Rohingya is a generic term referring to the Sunni Muslim inhabitants of Arakan , the historical name of a Myanmar border region which has a long history of isolation from the rest of the country. It is thought that the Rohingya are of mixed ancestry, tracing their origins both to outsiders (Arabs, Moors, Turks, Persians, Moguls and Pathans) and to local Bengali and Rakhine. They speak a version of Chittagonian, a regional dialect of Bengali which is also used extensively throughout south-eastern Bangladesh (8). Syrian refugees are in need of basic services such as shelter, nutrition, education, medication and health care services. Approximately 1.4 million Syrian refugees are children and the United Nations Childrens Fund has reported that these children are at risk of being a lost generation. Syrian refugees are enduring daily challenges to physical and mental survival. In addition to the extreme needs for physical and nutritional interventions, mental health professionals recognize the urgent need for counseling services based on widespread documented report s of refugees (9, 10). Three meals a day are served in camps, but refugees are not satisfied with the quality of what is served. There are occasional cases of food intoxication. Refugees are not allowed to cook their food in tents because of the risk of fire. Out of camps, the nutritional status of refugees is mostly bad, only limited number of them can have 3 meals a day. In general, they feed on bread and vegetables. A survey conducted at a provincial centre found, among women in the age group 15-49, iron (by 50%) and B12 vitamin deficiency (by 46%) (11). Some of the countries in the region (notably Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal) are host to refugee and displaced populations from neighbouring states, a circumstance that in itself merits attention since it has the potential to cause major political unrest (12). Bangladesh is surrounded by a high HIV prevalence neighboring country at southern part, Myanmar. Teknaf is a small town in the Chittagong Division at the southern tip of B angladesh, separated from Myanmar on the eastern side by the river Naf. This border area is unique for many reasons, including the history of the tens of thousands of refugees that are currently living in squalid conditions on the Bangladeshi side (13). A 19 years old refugee at Nayapara camp sayed that I was born in Burma, but the Burmese government says I dont belong there. I grew up in Bangladesh, but the Bangladesh government says I cannot stay here. As a Rohingya, I feel I am caught between a crocodile and a snake (14). The population of Bangladesh is growing at approximately the rate of l.59 percent per annum the percentage of urban population is 27% while that of rural is 73%. Bangladeshs population growth rate was among the highest in the world in the 1960s and 1970s, when the country swelled from 65 to 110 million (15). The Rohingya refugee problem has been a longstanding issue and involves the question of an ethnic minoritys identity. The Rohingyas are an ethnic minority group in the northern Arakan (currently Rakhine) state of Myanmar. Commonly known as Muslim Arakanese, the Rohingyas trace their historical roots in the Arakan region from the eleventh century to 1962 (16). Hundreds more Rohingya have been the victims of torture, arbitrary detention, rape, and other forms of serious physical and mental harm. Whether confined to the three townships in northern Rakhine State or to one of dozens of internally displaced persons camps throughout the state, Rohingya have been deprived of freedom of movement and access to food, clean drinking water, sanitation, medical care, work opportunities, and education (17). There is no domestic law in Bangladesh to regulate the administration of refugee affairs or to guarantee refugee rights. New refugees have difficulties accessing health care, their health proble ms may worsen with time.5 Social isolation and disconnection have been shown to contribute to premature death among members of isolated communities (18). In refugee camps medical services are mostly crippled, there is no examination and with the exception of some community health centers (RHU) there is no pregnant women and infant monitoring either, since family planning services for refugees are not available, there are unwanted births and increase in infant mortality, women additionally face risks of gender discrimination, sexual violence, early marriage and miscarriage and birth complications (19). The government of Bangladesh welcomed the Rohingyas and made substantial efforts to accommodate them but the GOB had clearly maintained from the beginning that asylum for the refugees was temporary and encouraged their immediate return, of the original 20 refugee camps that were constructed in 1992 in south -western Bangladesh, among them only two are remain near Nayapara refugee camp at Teknaf and Kutupalong refugee camp near Ukhia, giving shelter to 21,621 refugees, Kutupalong camp officially houses 8,216 refugees and Nayapara 13,405 a s of December 2001(20). Methods: Study Place: The study was conducted at the refugee camp in Coxs Bazar in Bangladesh. Data Collection, Management Analysis The data was collect from the refugee camp in Coxs Bazar in Bangladesh through a standard mixed type questionnaire. The study was conducted at the Nayapara refugee camp at teknaf in Coxs Bazar. About 149 samples were collected from July 2016 to October 2016 in Nayapara refugee camp. After collecting the data analysis is done by SPSS (Statistical Package of Social Science) software version 16.0. Ethical consideration A research proposal was submitted to the public health department of ASA University for approval and the proposal was approved by the faculty members and gave permission initially from the supervisor of the research project and from the academic coordinator before conducting the study. The necessary information has been approved by the ethical committee of public health department and was permitted to do this research. Also the necessary permission was taken from the Camp In charge (CIC), health coordinator medical team leader of the refugee health unit (RHU). The participants were explained about the purpose and goal of the study before collecting data from the participants. Pseudonyms were used in the notes, transcripts and throughout the study. It was ensured to the participants that the entire field notes, transcripts and all the necessary information was kept in a locker to maintain confidentiality and all information was destroyed after completion of the study. The participant s were also assured that their comments will not affect them about any bad thing. Result: Table 1: Distribution of demographic variables among the respondents (n=149) Demographic Variable Gender Gender Frequency Percent Male Female 67 82 45 55 Age Age Frequency Percent 01-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 91-100 101-110 06 10 14 35 29 23 18 10 2 1 1 4.0 6.7 9.3 23.5 19.5 15.4 12.1 6.7 1.4 0.7 0.7 Educational Status Educational level Frequency Percent Illiterate Literate 112 37 75.2 24.8 Marital Status Marital Status Frequency Percent Married Unmarried Widow 105 20 24 70.5 13.4 16.1 Occupations of the Participants Occupation Frequency Percent Fisher Man 1 .7 Agriculture 3 2.0 Driver 2 1.3 Day laborer 11 7.4 unemployed 42 28.2 Housewife 61 40.9 Student 13 8.7 other (Specify) 16 10.7 Among 149 participants 82 (55%) were female and 67 (45%) were male. Female were predominantly higher than male. Mean age of the participants was 45.52 ( ±19.28) years, mode was 35. The range is 100 with minimum age 02 years and maximum 102 years. Among the participants the higher numbers of the participants were at the age of 35 years and the numbers were 13 (8.7%). The number of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 18 years were 15 (10.1%), à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤60 years were 102 (68.4%) and à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥60 were 32 (21.5%). Majority of the participants were illiterate the numbers were 112 (75.2%) and 37 (24.8%) participants were literate those who complete their primary education. Majority of the participants were married the numbers were 105 (70.5%) followed by those who are widow the numbers were 24 (16.1%) and 20 (13.4%) participants were married. Nuclear family were 76 (51%) whereas 72 (49.0%) participants were in extended family. Among total particepants housewife were 61(40.9%), Unemployed were 42 (28.2%), others 16 (10.7%), student 13(8.7%), Day labour 11(7.4%), Agriculture 3(2%) Driver2 (1.3%) and Fisher man1 (.7%). Figure -1: Health problems among the participants (n=149)    In this study 149 participants are gathered as sample, where there mean is 7.39 with standard deviation ( ± 3.28), median 9.0 and the mode was 10. Out of the 149 participants, 68 participants (45.6%) were had multiple problems followed by those had other specific problems 25 participants (16.8%) like musculoskeletal pain, visual problems and peptic ulcer. Urinary tract infection is the leading individual health problems among 17 participants (11.4%) had this problem, 16 (10.7%) participants had hypertension, 9 (6%) had respiratory tract infection, 5 (3.4%) had nutrition deficiency, 7 (4.75%) had diabetes mellitus and 2 (1.3%) had sanitation hygiene problems. Table 2: Type of health care and health care receive organization (n=149) Type of health care Frequency Percentage Medicine Counseling Laboratory test Referral Nothing Multiple Services 82 2 5 5 6 49 55.0 1.3 3.4 3.4 4.0 32.9 Health care receive organization Frequency Percentage Refugee Health unit (RHU) 75 50.3 Handicap International (HI) 1 0.7 Others 6 4.0 Multiple Organizations (RHU, HI, ACF, RTMI) 67 45 In this study among the 149 participants, 82 (55%) participants took medicine from RHU, 49 (32.9%) received multiple services like medicine, referral, laboratory test others, 5 (3.4%) received both laboratory test referral to other organizations 6 (4%) participants said that they didnt received any treatment from health center And majority of the participants said that they receive health services from RHU, the number was 75 (50.3%) followed by they received health services from multiple organizations like RHU, HI, ACF RTMI and 6 (4%) said that they receive services from others like MSF, health complexes. Table 3: Health care services that meet the demands and the reason for not fulfill the demands (n=149) Health care services that meet the demands Frequency Percent Yes 17 11.4 No 45 30.2 Sometimes 87 58.4 Reason that not fulfill the demands Frequency Percent Not enough medicine supply in the camps 47 31.4 Narrow space in health unit 5 3.4 Lack of doctors 25 16.8 Other 5 3.4 Not enough medicine Lack of doctors 50 33.6 Among the 149 participants, only 11.4% (n=17) participants said they have enough health services to meet their needs, 58.4% (n=87) said that sometimes they have enough health services to meet their needs and 30.2% (n=45) said that they have not enough health services to meet their needs and majority of the participants said they didnt meet needs because there is a lack of medicine supply doctors in the camps the number was 50 (33.6%) and 47 (31.4%) patients said that they didnt meet needs because there is a lack of medicine supply in camps. Figure 2: Expectation among the participants (n=149) Among the 149 participants, 56 (37.6%) participants said that they were need better services, majority of the participants said that they need multiple services includes more laboratory test, radiological imaging, more medicine more doctors, 17 (11.4%) participants said that they need more medicine and 3 (2%) said that they require more referral, laboratory test radiological imaging. Figure 3: Satisfaction level among the participants (n=149) Among the 149 participants, only 16.1% (n=24) participants were satisfied with the quality of service received, 56.4% (n=84) said that they were sometimes satisfied after received services and 27.5% (n=41) said that they were not satisfied after received services. Discussion: The result of this study showed that 45.6% participants were had multiple problems followed by 16.8% participants had other specific problems like musculoskeletal pain, visual problems and peptic ulcer. Urinary tract infection is the leading individual health problems, among the participants 11.4% had this problem, 10.7% participants had hypertension, 6% had respiratory tract infection, 3.4% had nutrition deficiency, 4.75% had diabetes mellitus and 1.3% had sanitation hygiene problems during the course of the study and also in this study it was found that among the participants the mean age of the participants was 45.52 ( ±19.28) years. The range is 100 with minimum age 02 years and maximum 102 years. Among the participants the higher numbers of the participants were at the age of 35 years 8.7%. The numbers of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 18 years were 10.1%, à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤60 years were 68.4% and à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥60 were 21.5%, the middle age people had mostly health problems. ÃÆ'-nen C e t al stated that health problems among refugees were frequently seen mostly at the early childhood in adult aged problems, a community based study was carried out by Turkish medical association stated that 25.0%   children had sleeping disorder at the of below 18 years 24.0% have adult persons with the same problems (22). The study showed that, majority of the participants said that they receive health services from RHU, the number was 75 (50.3%) followed by they received health services from multiple organizations like RHU, HI, ACF RTMI and 6 (4%) said that they receive services from others like MSF, health complexes. The study showed that, only 16.1% participants were satisfied with the quality of service they received, 56.4% said that they were sometimes satisfied after received services and 27.5% said that they were not satisfied after received services, Among the 149 participants, 32.9% participants said that they were not satisfied because there is a lack of medicine supply in RHU, 13.4% participants were not satisfied because there is a lack of qualified doctor in RHU 38.9% participants stated that in RHU there is a lack of budget, lack of doctor, lack of medicine supply, lack of referral to other organization in timely, not gave proper medicine treatment lack of serial maintain during medicine collection thats why they were not satisfied. Conclusion From the above discussion it can be said that Rohingya refugees are not having rights to live as human being. Considering the importance of nationality crisis of the Rohingya and problems associated with these following steps can be taken: Supplies of adequate Medicine, Increase Doctors and Nurse, Modernized treatment, Increase Childcare hospital, Decrease pollution, Mass awareness of life threatening disease. Acknowledgement: Author acknowledges the Kauvery Research Group for necessary support. Funding: Self funded Conflict of Interest: None References: Azad A, Jasmin F. Durable solutions to the protracted refugee situation: The case of Rohingyas in Bangladesh. J Indian Res. 2013;1(4):25-35. Teng TS, Zalilah MS. Nutritional status of rohingya children in kuala lumpur. Malaysian J Med Heal Sci. 2011;7(1):41-9. The Rohingya Refugee Situation in Bangladesh Evan Coutts American International School / Dhaka Senior Project 2005. 2013;1-37. UNHCR WFP. Report of the WFP-UNHCR Joint Assessment Mission, Bangladesh. Assessment. 2010;(June). Kemmer TM, Bovill ME, Kongsomboon W, Hansch SJ, Geisler KL, Cheney C, et al. Iron deficiency is unacceptably high in refugee children from Burma. J Nutr. 2003;133(12):4143-9 Department of Sociology University of Dhaka Nationality crisis and Rights of Rohingya Refugee Childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: A Sociological Analysis of Children s Rights in Bangladesh. 2014;2011-2. UNHCR. Bangladesh: Analysis of Gaps in the Protection of Rohingya Refugees. 2007;(May). Kiragu Angela Li Rosi Tim Morris E. UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES States of denial A review of UNHCRs response to the protracted situation of stateless Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. 2011;(December). Karaman MA, Ricard RJ. Meeting the Mental Health Needs of Syrian Refugees in Turkey. 2016;6(4):318-27. Eastern M, Studies S. OrtadoÄÅ ¸uStratejiÃÅ'†¡k AraÃ…Å ¸tirmalarMerkeziÃÅ'†¡ Center for Middle Eastern Strategic Studies. 2015. TTB. War, Migration and Health; Experience of Turkey. Red Cross. Children affected by armed conflict (CABAC). 2000;(September):48-51. Gazi R, Mercer A, Wansom T, Kabir H, Saha NC, Azim T. An assessment of vulnerability to HIV infection of boatmen in Teknaf, Bangladesh. Confl Health. 2008;2:5. Holland MSF, Fronti S, March H. 10 Years for the Rohingya Refugees in Bangladeshà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: Past , Present and Future. 2002;(March):1-45. Socio-economic and family planning aspects of rural people in Bangladeshà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: A case study of Comilla District. 2014;6(10):348580. Farzana KF. Music and Artistic Artefacts: Symbols of Rohingya Identity and Everyday Resistance in Borderlands. Austrian J South East Asian Stud [Internet]. 2011;4(2):215-36. Genocide IS, In O. Persecution of the Rohingya Muslimsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: Persecution of the Rohingya Muslims. 2015;(October). Herald M. Refugee Health- Research Barriers to access to health care for newly resettled Refugee Health Research. 2006;185(11). Sharara SL, Kanj SS. War and infectious diseases: challenges of the Syrian civil war. PLoS Pathog. 2014;10(10):e1004438. Cheung S. Migration control and the solutions impasse in South and Southeast Asia: Implications from the Rohingya experience. J Refug Stud. 2012;25(1):50-70. AFAD. Population influx from Syria to Turkey life in Turkey as a Syrian guest. 2014. 2014;(1):152. ÃÆ'-nen C, Gà ¼neÃ…Å ¸ G, Tà ¼reme A, AÄÅ ¸aà § P. Depression and Anxiety Case among in Syrians that Live in a Refugee Camp. The Journal of Academic Social Science. 2014;2(6):223-30.

My Educational Goals and Philosophy Statement Essay example -- Philoso

My Educational Goals and Philosophy Education is the foundation of today's society. Without it, there is no future. Every other career begins on that first day of kindergarten, when a nervous student stumbles into the classroom and finds a chair in the corner of the room. At that moment, a teacher plays a pivotal role in the child's fate. If they are successful in making the child feel comfortable, they can nurture the student's desire to learn. If they are not successful, they may hinder this pursuit. Education has two major, seemingly contradictory, purposes. First, it transmits a country's culture to the next generation. Secondly, it gives societies a vehicle for changing the culture. I believe that it is essential for students to come into contact with their peers and with adults of similar and different backgrounds. This promotes tolerance and growth. Teachers should instill values in their students. They have an amazing opportunity to make an investment in the future. However, sometimes learning comes best through interaction with people of the same age. By befriending students of different races and economic statuses, children can recognize the differences and similarities between them and learn to accept and even appreciate each other for these. If society has veered down the wrong path, this social interaction between students can have tremendous rectifying powers. If students are taught to hate people of a certain color, religion, sexual orientation, etc., being around people with these characteristics, with no way to avoid them, can show students that the ideas that they have been taught may be misconceptions. Students then have the power to disagree with this hatred and contribute that to ... ...l immediately. Here, I will test my views. Eventually, I hope to continue my education by pursuing a Master Degree. I am also interested in teaching at the collegiate level at some point in my career. Whatever level I end up on, I hope to have a positive effect on the lives I come into contact with. I believe teaching is such a fulfilling career because everyday educators have the opportunity to change a child for the better. Giving students a well-rounded education, focusing on traditional subjects, which all other fields stem from, will enable the world to continue advancing and change with the times. Part of a well-rounded education also includes evoking positive interactions between people of different backgrounds. I believe that a teacher who strives to accomplish these goals has done more than fulfilled their job requirements. They have become a hero.

Animal Rights and Animal Testing :: Rights Equality Animals Science Essays

Animal Rights and Animal Testing Many humans use animals for testing each year. Animal testing is when the animals are put through something or injected to see how they react to what medical research they have been used for. Animals are used to find cures for diseases or to test drugs that have mild side effects. They are also used to test materials for cosmetic research. Except for severely limited medical research, animal testing should be outlawed. Animal testing endangers the animal’s lives and may cause serious side affect that last the rest of their lives. Others believe that they should not test medicine on humans because humans’ lives are more precious than that of the animals. They believe that since animals have no rights that they should be used for testing. There are three very important reasons why animals should not be used for testing harmful or dangerous materials. One of these is that testing and its use is trivial in the cosmetic industry. The second reason is that animals have rights and animals can feel pleasure and pain just as humans do. The third reason is that testing is cruel and unusual. Another reason is that animal testing and its use is trivial in the cosmetic industry. Testing on animals for the cosmetic industry is not necessary because they have many other ways to find out if it harms the human race. The testing that goes on is harmful to the animals and can cause serious side effects. The cosmetic companies hold down bunnies in vices and spray the cosmetics into their eyes to see if it cause them redness, stinging, or even blindness. They also have baboons strapped down with their heads in vices to do certain tests on them. Animals are also used by pharmaceutical companies to produce drugs and health supplements. They estimate that 17 to 22 million animals are used each year for medical research, and these estimates do not include rats, mice, fish, and farm animals. That means that 90% of all research animals are not included in the statistics. Too many animals are being tested and they do not even need to use the animals for these tests. They can use com puter software materials and get the same results. One more point is that animals do have rights.

Hr Job Analysis

Introduction Job analysis is the process of describing and recording aspects of jobs and specifying the skills and other requirements necessary to perform the job. The main purposes of conducting job analysis are to prepare job description and job specification which in turn helps to hire the right quality of work force into the organization at right place and with the right skills. Job description and job specification further gives conclusions for job evaluation. In the fields of Human Resource (HR), job analysis is often used to gather information for use in personnel selection, training, classification, and compensation and salary.There are several ways to conduct a job analysis, including: interviews with incumbents and supervisors, group interviews, questionnaires (structured, open- ended, or both), observation, diary method and gathering background information such as duty statements or classification specifications. Yet it none of the methods can give 100% perfect results hen ce in job analysis conducted by HR professionals, it is common to use more than one of these methods or a combination of these methods. For example, the job analysts may tour the jobsite and observe workers performing their jobs.During the tour the analyst may collect materials that directly or indirectly indicate required skills (duty statements, instructions, safety manuals, quality charts, etc. ). The analyst may then meet with a group of workers or incumbents. And finally, a survey may be administered. In these cases, job analysts typically are industrial/organizational psychologists or Human Resource Officers who have been trained. The job analysis that i conducted is the interview method. Here is a brief introduction of the organization and the incumbent interviewed for job analysis. Allied Bank LimitedAllied bank is one of the biggest banks of Pakistan. It is an old organization which was formed before partition in 1942. It was the first Muslim Bank Established in Pakistani t erritory before Partition (1942) with the name of Australasia Bank. It was named as Allied Bank of Pakistan from Australasia Bank Limited in 1974, and Sarhad Bank Ltd, Lahore Commercial Bank Ltd and Pak Bank Ltd were also merged in it. In August 2004 the Bank was restructured and the ownership was transferred to Ibrahim Group. Currently, it has 800 online branches with a total of 12000 work forces in Pakistan.Introduction of interviewee The incumbent interviewed for the purpose of job analysis is Shahid Rafique. He works Regional Corporate Office Allied Bank Limited 7-E/3 Main Boulevard, Gulberg-3 Lahore. Email ID: [email  protected] com Job description Organization name: Allied Bank Limited Job Title: Branch manager Reports to: Regional headquarters/Regional manager Supervises: All the departments of the branch Functions: Manages and administers operations of the branch Duties and responsibilities * Plan and direct the branch operations and administer the working of the whole bra nch. Supervise the human resource of its own branch department wise. * Marketing of the bank which includes achieving the deposit targets assigned to the branch. Attending meetings for the marketing and making sure the targets are achieved within the given time. * Provide a superior level of customer relations and promote the sales and service culture. * Coordinating with regional headquarters for getting updated with the organizational goals and objectives and also let all the employees of the branch well aware of the goals and objectives of the organization. Making sure that employees working under his/her supervision are well motivated and maintained properly. * Evaluate the performance of the employees working under his/her supervision. * Reporting about all the duties and responsibilities to the Regional Manager. Job specification * 16 years of education, Master’s degree or equivalent. * Preferred field of study is MBA Marketing. * At least 5 years of experience in banki ng or any financial organization including marketing experience as well. * Minimum age limit is 25 years. * A good manger should have: * Marketing skills Communication skills * Critical thinking * Should be a good psychiatrist (in context with customer behaviour and Psyche). Job evaluation Branch manager is a very important designation to the organization. A Branch Manager is a very much skilled and experienced worker who is much aware of the organizational goals and objectives and coordinates those goals and objectives to the employees working in his/her supervision. The salary range for a Branch Manager should be from 70,000 to 90,000. The job is evaluated through two types of reports: Annual performance report. * Annual confidential. Comments from the incumbent for job evaluation Any incumbent can be evaluated so that the incumbent is also satisfied of the annual reports is to ask him/her to write the APR for his/herself and then supervisor should evaluate the APR. Conclusion The conclusion of the whole discussion is that the main purpose of conducting a job analysis is to prepare job description and job specification which in turn helps to hire the right quality of work force into the organization at right place and with the right skills.Job description and job specification further gives conclusions for job evaluation. This information is used to design effective job. To design effective job we should keep balance between efficiency and behavioural elements. Efficiency element emphasizes productivity and behavioural element focus on employee needs. In my job analysis a branch manager is a leader of the branch. Person working as a branch manager should be bold enough to lead a team of 20 or more. He/she should be a good marketer and a good psychiatrist so that he/she can understand the mind set of the customers.A Branch Manager should have good communication skills to tackle different situations and can handle contingency plans. Fair salary and compensatio n and other benefit should be given to the manger to keep balance. Job analysis is very important and a very complicated process. Yet there are some limitations of job analysis for example a Job descriptions may not be suitable for some senior managers as they should have the freedom to take the initiative and find fruitful new directions.Job descriptions may be too inflexible in a rapidly changing organization, for instance in an area subject to rapid technological change. Other changes in job content may lead to the job description being out of date. The process that an organization uses to create job descriptions may not be optimal. There is no method for it which can give perfect results but through combination of methods and careful analysis one can have good results . Experience is needed for analysing jobs. Hr Job Analysis Introduction Job analysis is the process of describing and recording aspects of jobs and specifying the skills and other requirements necessary to perform the job. The main purposes of conducting job analysis are to prepare job description and job specification which in turn helps to hire the right quality of work force into the organization at right place and with the right skills. Job description and job specification further gives conclusions for job evaluation. In the fields of Human Resource (HR), job analysis is often used to gather information for use in personnel selection, training, classification, and compensation and salary.There are several ways to conduct a job analysis, including: interviews with incumbents and supervisors, group interviews, questionnaires (structured, open- ended, or both), observation, diary method and gathering background information such as duty statements or classification specifications. Yet it none of the methods can give 100% perfect results hen ce in job analysis conducted by HR professionals, it is common to use more than one of these methods or a combination of these methods. For example, the job analysts may tour the jobsite and observe workers performing their jobs.During the tour the analyst may collect materials that directly or indirectly indicate required skills (duty statements, instructions, safety manuals, quality charts, etc. ). The analyst may then meet with a group of workers or incumbents. And finally, a survey may be administered. In these cases, job analysts typically are industrial/organizational psychologists or Human Resource Officers who have been trained. The job analysis that i conducted is the interview method. Here is a brief introduction of the organization and the incumbent interviewed for job analysis. Allied Bank LimitedAllied bank is one of the biggest banks of Pakistan. It is an old organization which was formed before partition in 1942. It was the first Muslim Bank Established in Pakistani t erritory before Partition (1942) with the name of Australasia Bank. It was named as Allied Bank of Pakistan from Australasia Bank Limited in 1974, and Sarhad Bank Ltd, Lahore Commercial Bank Ltd and Pak Bank Ltd were also merged in it. In August 2004 the Bank was restructured and the ownership was transferred to Ibrahim Group. Currently, it has 800 online branches with a total of 12000 work forces in Pakistan.Introduction of interviewee The incumbent interviewed for the purpose of job analysis is Shahid Rafique. He works Regional Corporate Office Allied Bank Limited 7-E/3 Main Boulevard, Gulberg-3 Lahore. Email ID: [email  protected] com Job description Organization name: Allied Bank Limited Job Title: Branch manager Reports to: Regional headquarters/Regional manager Supervises: All the departments of the branch Functions: Manages and administers operations of the branch Duties and responsibilities * Plan and direct the branch operations and administer the working of the whole bra nch. Supervise the human resource of its own branch department wise. * Marketing of the bank which includes achieving the deposit targets assigned to the branch. Attending meetings for the marketing and making sure the targets are achieved within the given time. * Provide a superior level of customer relations and promote the sales and service culture. * Coordinating with regional headquarters for getting updated with the organizational goals and objectives and also let all the employees of the branch well aware of the goals and objectives of the organization. Making sure that employees working under his/her supervision are well motivated and maintained properly. * Evaluate the performance of the employees working under his/her supervision. * Reporting about all the duties and responsibilities to the Regional Manager. Job specification * 16 years of education, Master’s degree or equivalent. * Preferred field of study is MBA Marketing. * At least 5 years of experience in banki ng or any financial organization including marketing experience as well. * Minimum age limit is 25 years. * A good manger should have: * Marketing skills Communication skills * Critical thinking * Should be a good psychiatrist (in context with customer behaviour and Psyche). Job evaluation Branch manager is a very important designation to the organization. A Branch Manager is a very much skilled and experienced worker who is much aware of the organizational goals and objectives and coordinates those goals and objectives to the employees working in his/her supervision. The salary range for a Branch Manager should be from 70,000 to 90,000. The job is evaluated through two types of reports: Annual performance report. * Annual confidential. Comments from the incumbent for job evaluation Any incumbent can be evaluated so that the incumbent is also satisfied of the annual reports is to ask him/her to write the APR for his/herself and then supervisor should evaluate the APR. Conclusion The conclusion of the whole discussion is that the main purpose of conducting a job analysis is to prepare job description and job specification which in turn helps to hire the right quality of work force into the organization at right place and with the right skills.Job description and job specification further gives conclusions for job evaluation. This information is used to design effective job. To design effective job we should keep balance between efficiency and behavioural elements. Efficiency element emphasizes productivity and behavioural element focus on employee needs. In my job analysis a branch manager is a leader of the branch. Person working as a branch manager should be bold enough to lead a team of 20 or more. He/she should be a good marketer and a good psychiatrist so that he/she can understand the mind set of the customers.A Branch Manager should have good communication skills to tackle different situations and can handle contingency plans. Fair salary and compensatio n and other benefit should be given to the manger to keep balance. Job analysis is very important and a very complicated process. Yet there are some limitations of job analysis for example a Job descriptions may not be suitable for some senior managers as they should have the freedom to take the initiative and find fruitful new directions.Job descriptions may be too inflexible in a rapidly changing organization, for instance in an area subject to rapid technological change. Other changes in job content may lead to the job description being out of date. The process that an organization uses to create job descriptions may not be optimal. There is no method for it which can give perfect results but through combination of methods and careful analysis one can have good results . Experience is needed for analysing jobs.

Biological Criminal Behavior Essay

Biology contributes to killers. As people in today’s society, we are constantly being bombarded with the crazy actions that mankind is capable of. We watch the news and hear about murders, or even read a book about a mysterious killer. As we go through these pieces of reality, one can’t help but be struck by the thought–what causes a person to act so violently? There have been many studies done to try and find an answer. For a crime such as serial killing, there are two thoughts. The first idea is that serial killing is caused by an abnormality in the frontal lobe of the brain. The second idea is that serial killers are bred by circumstance which means they have certain genes also known as the negative gene that makes them prone to becoming a killer. Ted Bundy was a serial killer who had confessed to more than 30 killings but many people believe that the number was actually closer to 100 (Biography.com, 2013). For the most part, Ted Bundy had a somewhat normal besides a few bumps in the road. Theodore Robert Cowell more commonly known as Ted Bundy was born on November 24th, 1946 to Eleanor Louise Cowell (The Predator, n.d.). Because Ted was born out of wedlock, his mother had her parents act like they were Ted’s biological parents. Eleanor Cowell then acted as if she were Ted’s sister. However, there are speculations that Ted was conceived out of an incestuous relationship between Eleanor and her father (The Predator, n.d.). These speculations have never been proven though. When Ted was about four years old, his â€Å"sister†, Eleanor and him moved to Washington State where Eleanor married Johnnie Bundy. Ted Bundy had a fairly close relationship to his grandfather/†father† even though the grandfather suffered from some anger issues. However, there were not any forms of abuse ever reported (The Predator, n.d.). As a teenager, Bundy began spying on women in h is neighborhood as well as breaking in to people’s homes in order to acquire valuables (The Ted Bundy Website, n.d.). In 1966, while attending the University of Washington, Bundy met a woman by the name of Stephanie Brooks and he fell in love with her but their love was not meant to be. In 1968, Stephanie and Ted broke up and consequently, many  if not all of Bundy’s victims resembled Stephanie Brooks (The Predator, n.d.). In 1969, while Ted was in the state of Vermont (where he was born) he found that whom he thought was his sister for so many years was actually his mother (The Predator, n.d.). For most people, the realization of this would probably destroy them mentally, but for Bundy it seemed to have little to no effect (The Predator, n.d.). Around 1974 is when Bundy began slaying innocent women and it was not until 1978 when he was finally arrested for the last time (Crimemuseum.com, 2013). In order to lure his victims in, he would pretend to be injured when a female was passing by and when they came to aide him, he would smash them over the head with a metal pipe or crowbar (Crimemuesum.com, 2013). Bundy was considered to be a sexual deviate as well as a necrophiliac (The Ted Bundy Website, n.d.). Bundy often left his victims in his residence until they started to petrify and he was no longer able to handle the smell while having sexual intercourse with them. Psychopathic individuals display a multitude of behaviors that make up this disorder and can sometimes be readily detected unless the individual is purposely masking these traits. The psychopathic individual is normally incapable of feeling any guilt, remorse or empathy for their anti-social behaviors. They are manipulative with others to further their own goals or desires. These individuals do know the difference between right and wrong but feel that they are exempt from these judgments. They are also very poor in such emotions as love and caring (Schmalleger, 2012). People with psychopathic behaviors are very egocentric and narcissistic because they are unwilling to give up their comfort for the benefit of others, their needs always come first. They generally don’t learn from past experiences and tend to repeat the same failed ideas. They have difficulty in following a life plan like most normal people do. Psychopaths don’t accept that there are or should be consequences for their anti-social behaviors (Schmalleger, 2012). Many psychopaths have trouble holding down steady employment as they are prone to outbursts of anger at their worksite with little provocation. They have trouble with interpersonal relationships  or grasping team concepts. This leads typically to unsteady finances and difficulty finding new jobs. Romantic relationships are especially difficult to maintain if possible at all. They are very good at seeming to be charming and sincere at times. They learn that their own personalities are lacking so they mimic the personalities of those around them to appear normal and to achieve their desires. One of the associated problems with psychopaths is they believe that they can outwit law enforcement officials and will not be caught by them. This may explain one reason why these individuals commit serial crimes (Schmalleger, 2012). Psychopaths do not have delusions or hear voices others don’t hear. They live in the real world and don’t talk to imaginary persons. Even modern day advancements in these disorders have not produced methods to successfully treat psychopaths. In fact the treatments meant to help them deal with this disorder can empower them and many have fooled the medical profession that they are indeed making progress toward recovery when in reality they have not changed at all (National Institute of health, 2011). New research has indicated that there may be methods of identifying traits in pre-adolescent youth that may be treatable before they are adults. The hope is that if these are diagnosed early before adulthood, they can prevent the anti-social behaviors from occurring. Once a psychopathic person reaches adulthood treatments are of little or no use. One study suggests that these behaviors are inherited and developed though a child’s environment. The study found that about 67% of those youths studied inherited traits such as extreme callousness and emotional instability and the environment they grow up in can affect how they deal with these problems (National Institute of health, 2011). Ted Bundy demonstrated various symptoms related to the biological theory of psychology in criminology. Biological theory in crime causation focuses on the human body, evolutionary factors, hormones, inherited genes, and the way the brain has developed (Ministry of Justice, 2009). The psychological issues that Ted Bundy possessed are conditioning, psychopath, antisocial personality disorder, and sublimation. The principle of conditioning for Ted Bundy was the repetition of deadly assaults on young women. The repetition of murders allowed Ted Bundy to perfect his crimes. Psychopath principle consists of someone who has a personality disorder, which transforms into another disorder called anti-social disorder. When Bundy and Stephanie Brooks separated, Bundy was  emotionally and mentally destroyed. Anti-social personality disorder is the patterns of disregard for others. Bundy was very antisocial as a child, which later manifested into a sociopath. The principle of sublimation is the process of consciousness on symbolic substitute for another (Schmalleger, 2012 p. 129). Ted Bundy fantasized about young women, and would continue to have sexual intercourse with the deceased corps until the stench was no longer tolerable. In conclusion, serial killers are biologically different then regular people. They have lower brain functions and are genetically prone to becoming a serial killer. The identifiable related contributors to the biological theory of criminology entail low serotonin, neurological defects, malnutrition, anti-social behavior, and environmental contributors. Serial killers tend to act upon violent actions due to their abnormal brain waves in their frontal lobe and prefrontal cortex. As everyone can see from this research, serial killers kill not because of their upbringing, but because of biology. This is why they are known by many experts as biological disasters. References Biography.com. (2013). Ted Bundy. Retrieved from http://www.biography.com/people/ted-bundy-9231165?page=2 The Predator. (n.d.). The Predator: Ted Bundy. Retrieved from http://tedbundy.150m.com/main.html The Ted Bundy Website. (n.d.). Bundy’s Childhood. Retrieved from http://students.english.ilstu.edu/smdare/bundy/tedschildhood.html Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3113684/ Schmalleger, F. (2012). Criminology (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.