Tuesday, August 20, 2019
Pressure on Women for Perfect Bodies
Pressure on Women for Perfect Bodies Society, a word used to describe a group of people in a opinionated state. Judging and basing a theory on one another and showing hate on the way someone looks and appears. This has caused both Boys and girls to feel pressured for the positive attention of others, online and in person . all people want is to feel wanted and accepted so they will do anything to be appreciated or praised because of their clothes, luxuries, and most importantly body types. However guys arent as pressured to have better bodies than girls. Girls are put to shame and called names and bullied to the extent of death because of the unrealistic picture of perfect. What is the ideal weight? the question is thrown in the air and tossed around. No one knows the right answer but girls feel insecure and self conscious about how others view them leading to eating disorders which have been a common effect caused by the image of perfect the internet has drilled in peoples heads. Unfortunately things are only getting worse girls weighing under 150 pounds and under the age of 20 are going into hospitals, and getting help from psychiatrists because of unhealthy eating habits and drug abuse to lose weight . all because of fear of getting bigger or uglier to look like someone that the individual looks up to most, as a idol. Whats most surprising is that, to some fans, those photos werent alarming, but inspiring. I admire her, wrote one 19-year-old girl about Mary-Kates increasingly gaunt appearance on a teen Web sites message board devoted to eating disorders. The girl had cut out the skinniest pictures of Mary-Kate, she wrote, and pasted them in my journal, because that is what I am striving to look like.( pressure to be perfect  ) Many girls see photos of models and famous skinny girls showing their bones and on the verge of anorexia as inspirational and something they strive to look like only because they are famous and looked up to by many. These thought and actions of Eating disorders are not only affecting your physical appearance but also your mental stability.Whats a person to think? Perfect images of perfect celebrities are everywhere. Its enough to make anyone feel insecure or envious( pretty unreal ) Not only are images of most liked celebrities everywhere you look on instagram or the internet but they are engraved in your mind.When you pass a mirror you dont see beauty you see the negatives and silently compare yourself to some complete stranger. In your eyes they have a perfect body and a way about them you strive to be instead of being happy with you rself. There is no ideal weight or size and girls so young shouldnt be worrying about such a minor thing so early in life and extreme dieting . These issues are leading to depression and self doubt, confidence is fading and so is happiness in all girls anorexia is glamorized and girls are falsely labeled. In todays generation no one can honestly trust the way someone looks. So much is done to a single picture or video of stars, airbrush effects are done before a photo shoot session or filming and tons of editing for that look of perfection. Its proven that more than half of the films have some type of post production altering done.Most kids such as Leah expect catalog and magazine models to be airbrushed to perfection. But many kids dont realize that movie and television actors can be altered during postproduction. In the last few years, technology has made it possible for editors to change a stars smile, hair and body after the movie has been filmed. We call it beauty work, says Richard E. Greenberg (pressure to be perfect, celebrities have lots of help to make them look flawless)The quote provides proof that alterations ar e done so you arent seeing the real stars so its all fake they dont seriously look like that so why strive to be something non existent . the pressure of perfect bodies come from the feeling of competition to stand out, until then depression and loss of confidence are increased. Despite models best efforts, many still dont look good enough for the industry. One hundred percent of fashion photos are retouched, said Brad Adams, a New York City photographer whose retouching service works with advertising agencies. Usually the eyes and teeth are whitened, makeup and skin problems corrected, and hair cleaned up. Models are already thin, but Ive done jobs where even skinny models are made to look skinnier.(pretty unreal)Girls dont think about the time money and editing done to everything now days. The image of perfect still sticks in their minds and makes young people depressed and not appreciate their natural bodies.If movie makers can make up humans imagine what they can do to the real people. Seeing these things hurts you and your body image , you see yourself as less of a person because of a group of peoples opinion on perfect bodies. No one knows what perfection really is different cultures seek perfect in different ways. ultimately your body image has a lot to do with your mind not your body which leads back to confidence and self doubt. Girls health concerns and desire to have a perfect body has made extreme increases in request of plastic surgery before the age of 18. The problem is your body isnt even done growing yet and it brings up concerns about your future and how it will affect you later on in life. A teen girls idea of perfection is a thin waist big butt and larger breast, plastic surgery seems to be the go to solution of the present generations. Its became a huge issue in debate of asking for plastic surgery as gifts and incentives just to be satisfied with how you feel about yourself.Most board-certified plastic surgeons say they usually wont perform implant surgery on girls under 18 unless one breast is much smaller than the other. Girls finishing high school, though, often request-and get-implants as graduation gifts. (pressure to be perfect) Thankfully plastic surgeons are realizing how insane the demand of younger generations wanting plastic surgery has become that they have put limitations and restri ctions on the usage and availability to girls under the age of 18. Alot more then just implants are taking place.Teens are having other cosmetic procedures, such as botox injections and eyelid surgery, in greater numbers too. But plastic surgery carries risks, particularly for teens. Their bodies are not done transforming and changing, says Dr. Lawrence Bass, a board-certified plastic surgeon in New York City. Its like building a house on quicksand-the foundation isnt stable.( pressure to be perfect) Both quotes provide solid examples of just how extreme the pressure to have a perfect body has impacted young girls and just how willing they are to go through surgery to fix their self esteem. Making surgery such a easy fix and escape to a problem has caused addiction and health problems along your of growth. A perfect body is a prized possession to many teen girls that means more than life itself, having a bigger butt or bigger breast doesnt make you any better of a person , there is no need in having to stand out. Individuals from all over believe that females have more pressure than males to have the ideal body.Girls get made fun of more about what they look like each year and more are proven to be taking weight loss pills at such a young age. Unhealthy as that is its better than surgery. Many young girls starting in middle school get called names and made fun of but brush it off and dont let it get to them. However after hearing the same stuff for so long you begin to believe what you hear leading to trying out pills to speed up your metabolism.Girls seem particularly prone to body-image issues. When I was younger, it was harder because I wanted to fit in so much, admitted Natalie, 17, of Humphrey, Neb. Erika from Scottsdale added, Im in cheer, and most of my friends want to lose weight. She says she has dieted before and goes to the gym several times a week. Meanwhile, her classmate, Aliraza, 15, says he has never really worried about his looks. Im pretty sure girls have a lot more pressure when it comes to appearance. (pretty unreal) Guys dont start worrying about their bodies till later on in life when they really start looking for a significant other. while girls start worrying about their appearance when they start seeing things they dont like about themselves or when someone has something you dont. Fitting in means a lot a girls if a perfect body will achieve that than what will stop you. Some experts say boys are starting to face the pressures long placed on girls, as buff, bare men proliferate in pop culture. ( a guy thing too ) .Although girls arent the only ones feeling the pressure its more so drawn into girls to strive to be perfect and have a nice body to attract men. Most men dont get made fun of because of their bodies because they dont care as much as a girl does until later in life.Its not about the body, its just a mental issue. A issue that has been a problem for too long numbers have increased of weight loss pills taken by nearly 15% since 2000. Which may not seem like a lot , but thats one in every six females in the world are taking these pills to maintain a image of perfect. Society has ruined the mental health of women worldwide just because of a perfect body A Lot of change has happened to the mental and physical health of females of all ages since the year 2000. Females strive to have attention and be recognized for a perfect body so bad that things have went to the extreme of surgery at such a young age, taking weight loss pills and having depression issues.psychiatrist have gotten involved in teenages comparing themselves to celebrities and developing eating disorders. Girls are pressured most to have perfect bodies at such a young age it will forever be a issue until people learn to appreciate how unique each individual is made. Works Cited Alpert, Emily. A Guy Thing Too. Los Angeles Times, 14 Jun 2013, pp. A.1. SIRS Discoverer, http://discoverer.prod.sirs.com. Beau, Emilie L. Looking Perfect. Chicago Tribune (Chicago, IL), 24 Aug 2006, SIRS Discoverer, http://discoverer.prod.sirs.com. Mehta, Julie. Pretty Unreal. Current Health 2 (Vol.31, No.5), Jan 2005, pp. 15+. SIRS Discoverer, http://discoverer.prod.sirs.com. Wulff, Jennifer. Pressure to Be Perfect Vol. 62 No. 4. PEOPLE.com. Time Inc, 26 July 2004. Web. 13 Feb. 2017
Monday, August 19, 2019
The Automobile and the Economy Essay -- Essays Papers
The Automobile and the Economy The effects the automobile has had on the economy of the world are tremendous. The major effects have came in many ways and include sales of the automobile, jobs provided to sell and manufacture the automobile, gas/oil sales to run the automobile, and the start of auto racing sport. The revolution of the automobile was the start of the most popular and successful industry in the world. The Effect of Gas/Oil There is a great effect on the economy due to the sale of gas. The major effect of how much gas is sold is how efficient the particular automobile uses gas and what automobile the people choose to buy. Since the start of production of the automobile fuel efficiency has steadily increased for the most part thanks to better engineers, tires, and laws that force better efficiency. First, The Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 established C.A.F.E. (corporate average fuel economy) which was meant to steadily increase fuel efficiency in passenger cars every year (http//www.cnie.org/nle/air-10.html#summ) . The only problem was oil prices softened and the demand for small cars that were the most efficient diminished. As a result, the N.H.T.S.A (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) was forced to relax the standard of the model years 1986-1989. The standard for automobiles of today is 27.5 miles per gallon. In the 1990’s the United States had an increased urgency raise their standards as they were more dependent on importing oil instead of producing it. Currently, the Clinton Administration is going to great depths to try to increase fuel efficiency. Bill Cliton made a partnership with the domestic industry to develop a new... ...mobile Manufacturing Industries Act†. October 27 1996. Internet Explorer. Online. March 1 1998. http://www.japanauto.com/about/hjai_01.html â€Å"Auto Production to Expected 3 Million Next Year†. Short Takes. Internet Explorer. Online. September 17 1997. http//www.korta.co.kr/ki/issues/1997/11-12/short.html â€Å"Automobile Fuel Economy†. CRS Issue Brief for Congress. Internet Explorer. Online. October 8 1997. http//www.cnie.org/nle/air-10.html#summ â€Å"Do Automobile Fuel Economy Standards Work?†. Do Automobile Fuel Economy Standards Work?. December 10 1996. Internet Explorer. Online. March 10 1998. http//www.azfms.com/DocReviews/Dec96/art3.htm â€Å"How TV Wizardy Made Stock Car Racing the Hottest, Family-friendliest Sport Around†. Nascar Nation. December 11 1997. Internet Explorer. Online. March 11 1998. http://www.mci.newscorp.com/tv/magazine
Management Audit Essay -- essays research papers
Marketing Analysis of GITS-FOOD PRODUCTS PVT. LTD. GSN 408 Marketing Management 1 The Team Ali Tejani                     # 03119386 Christopher Pangestu      # 04255682 Thanapong Sirirat Usdorn      # 03122204 Lecturer: Associate Professor Susan Dann Submission Date: Wednesday 19th Dec 2001 Word Count: 3054 Queensland University of Technology - MBA Table of Content 1.     Company Overview                                   1 2.     Environment Scan                                   2 2.1.     Micro Environment                                   2.2.     Macro Environment                              2.3.     Environmental Scanner                              3.     Market Segmentation                                   4 4.     Market Positioning Strategy                              7 4.1.     Preparing the Positioning Strategy 4.2.    &... ...earn from their experiences in the market place, and this knowledge influences consumption decision. (McColl-Kennedy, Janet R. and Kiel, Geoffrey C. 2000: 102) „X     Life Style- Gits-Food focuses on how people spend their interests and activities, and by their opinions. 4)     Situational Factors The situational factors influence the customer ¡Ã‚ ¦s decision- making in different ways such as occasion to buy, the time or the weather to buy, a sales posters and crowding in a store, and the amount or lack of money in the customers ¡Ã‚ ¦ hand. 7.      References „X     Mc Coll-Kennedy, Janet R. and Kiel, Geoffrey C. (2000), Marketing: A Strategic Approach, Nelson: Melbourne „X     Neal, C. Quester, P. and Hawkins, D. (2000), Consumer Behaviour: Implications for Marketing Strategy, McGraw-Hill: Sydney „X     Proctor, T. (2000), Essentials of Marketing Research, Prentice Hall: London „X     http://www.gitsfood.com/2001 „X     Interview and questionnaires by email and phone to Pune, India. Management Audit Essay -- essays research papers Marketing Analysis of GITS-FOOD PRODUCTS PVT. LTD. GSN 408 Marketing Management 1 The Team Ali Tejani                     # 03119386 Christopher Pangestu      # 04255682 Thanapong Sirirat Usdorn      # 03122204 Lecturer: Associate Professor Susan Dann Submission Date: Wednesday 19th Dec 2001 Word Count: 3054 Queensland University of Technology - MBA Table of Content 1.     Company Overview                                   1 2.     Environment Scan                                   2 2.1.     Micro Environment                                   2.2.     Macro Environment                              2.3.     Environmental Scanner                              3.     Market Segmentation                                   4 4.     Market Positioning Strategy                              7 4.1.     Preparing the Positioning Strategy 4.2.    &... ...earn from their experiences in the market place, and this knowledge influences consumption decision. (McColl-Kennedy, Janet R. and Kiel, Geoffrey C. 2000: 102) „X     Life Style- Gits-Food focuses on how people spend their interests and activities, and by their opinions. 4)     Situational Factors The situational factors influence the customer ¡Ã‚ ¦s decision- making in different ways such as occasion to buy, the time or the weather to buy, a sales posters and crowding in a store, and the amount or lack of money in the customers ¡Ã‚ ¦ hand. 7.      References „X     Mc Coll-Kennedy, Janet R. and Kiel, Geoffrey C. (2000), Marketing: A Strategic Approach, Nelson: Melbourne „X     Neal, C. Quester, P. and Hawkins, D. (2000), Consumer Behaviour: Implications for Marketing Strategy, McGraw-Hill: Sydney „X     Proctor, T. (2000), Essentials of Marketing Research, Prentice Hall: London „X     http://www.gitsfood.com/2001 „X     Interview and questionnaires by email and phone to Pune, India.
Sunday, August 18, 2019
Analysis of the Coca-Cola Company Essay -- Business Management Soft Dr
Analysis of the Coca-Cola Company The Coca-Cola Company is the world's leading manufacturer, marketer and distributor of soft-drink concentrates and syrups. The Coca-Cola Company is the world's leading manufacturer, marketer and distributor of soft-drink concentrates and syrups. The Company markets many of the world's top soft drink brands, including Coca-Cola, Diet Coke, Sprite and Fanta. Through the world's largest and most pervasive distribution system, consumers in nearly 200 countries enjoy the Company's products at a rate of more than one billion serving a day. On May 8, 1886, pharmacist John Stith Pemberton stirred up fragrant caramel-coloured syrup in a three legged brass kettle. He carried a jug of his new formulation to the Jacobs's Pharmacy, Atlanta. On the following day, the new product debuted as a soda fountain drink for five cents a glass. By accident or by design, carbonated water was mixed with the syrup which has created the world's most popular drink. Pemberton's partner suggested the name "Coca-cola" and penned the now-famous trademark in his unique, flowing script. Averages of nine drinks were sold per day after the advertisement. Pemberton died in 1886 and Asa Candler began to purchase the outstanding shares of Coca-Cola. In 1893, Coca-Cola was registered in the United States and then further investment was put it to expand the business. To handle the enormous scope of its business, the Coca-Cola Company has divided into six operating units: Middle and Far East Groups, Europe, The Latin America Group, The North America, The Africa Group and The Minute Maid Company. The head Quarter is in the United States. Methods of Research I will use The method of research which I will use is the secondary research, i.e. I have asked The Coca-Cola Company to send me their history and annual reports. I will also call The Coca-Cola Company office to ask some details, I will also use ask them some relevant questions (questionnaire method), interview the people on the high street and will do some research over the Internet. From those sources I am going to finish my all other tasks. Task One E1 They type of businesses 1. Private and Public enterprise 2. Limited Liability 3. Franchising I will define each type of business with some advantages and disadvantages. For The Coca-Cola Company ... ...in keeping the wheels of the business. The maintenances of the company equipments etc. They also acts as a help support of the company, this means if there is any enquiry by the customers, the customers will ring the helpdesk support and complain about the products or any information that the customers need will be provided by the this department. About the complains, these complains will be transfer to the research and development department to make the product better or to fix the problem the consumer having. These departments are the most important department of The Coca-Cola Company because they helps the company to meets the objectives of The Coca-Cola Company i.e. surviving, customer satisfaction and make more profits. As I said that the help desk department satisfy the customer by providing the information they needs and taking the complains and passing to the research and development departments who improves the products. The marketing departments are responsible for marketing the products and advertising the products and promoting the products. If all these departments perform their duty firmly then the objectives of The Coca-Cola Company will meets.
Saturday, August 17, 2019
How terrorism affect our economy Essay
Terrorism and terrorist activates are never intended to target an economy directly, instead it is designed to scare people who, overwhelmed by there trepidation destroy there own economy. The pliant economy of United States was misjudged in contrast with the September 11 terrorist attacks. Despite an estimated $120 billion of damage and a great deal of anxiety, one year following the 9/11 attacks considerable recovery was recorded in U. S economy. A disagreement between the Economists world wide has been shaping up over the affects of terrorism on the economy of USA, many feel that because acts of terrorism are usually aimed towards small portions of the stock of capital of a country so effect on economic activity are not very large(Enders and Sandler 2006). On the other hand, consciences of terrorism on the economy under pragmatic estimation suggest large and long term affects (Terrorism and the World Economy 40). If we review the federal budgets between FY 1998 and FY 2001 $ 48. 3 billion where available in surplus. Attacks of September 11 originated a blow to the economy of Manhattan, but not to that of Boston or Chicago. Terrorism creates a pessimistic affect on industries like air travel, hotels and insurance at large, but if we review economy’s overall performance, investment and demand shifted to other industries-especially when Federal Reserve eased credit in order to calm post-Sept. 11 markets. The immediate and the fore most impact that originate due to terrorism is the development of Paranoia attitude towards the economy through restrictive air travel and raising uncertainty, economy is drifting into a phase of recession. U. S economy has been diminishing even further after U. S invasion in Afghanistan and Iraq. Another way terrorism affected our economy is the lift in oil price which proved to be an economic jolt over the American nation who is now linking this oil situation with the upcoming elections and political agenda of American presidential candidates. The most direct damage that terrorism brought to our financial system is the deficit of U. S. government budget, which was a record of 413 billion dollars in 2004. A slight drop of $198 billion in deficit is being predicted by CBO for FY 2009 which is expected to increase moderately by 2010. If we analyze the reports released by CBO we will realize the shocking increase in the expenditure of war on terrorism over the last few years, federal finances for the department of home land security, and ever mounting cost of government beneficial social sachems such as medical & health care and social security has halted economical development. Economists are predicting an inevitable increase in red ink taxation; this is resulting in an increasing cost of housing and other basic amenities which is ultimately decreasing the consumption power of an American. (CBO) Terrorism creates a general sense of insecurity, this brings a huge expanse on U. S federal budget in shape of home land security dept, Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates that federal resources devoted to homeland security activities were a total of about $41 billion in 2004, roughly double the amount allocated to those activities before September 11, By 2007 Spending for the Department of Homeland Security increased by about 6 percent, to $42. 7 billion this money was required to further strengthen the borders and aviation security. General Seance of insecurity also slowed the pace of economic growth in 2007; economists strongly feel that it will slacken further in 2008. According to CBO, the consistent problems in the housing and financial markets and the high price of oil has curbed spending on household and businesses this is also ensuing decrease in the growth of GDP. Laws and policies developed to control terrorism has overwrought federal resources to a total of $2. 9 trillion for 2008, while the revenue will total $2.7 trillion, which will result in budget deficit of $219 billion, this situation will be worsening with the additional $30 billion required to sustain military activates in Iraq and Afghanistan. (CBO 10) As a consequence American nation is facing a decline in funds allocation for national health dept, education, and Environment protection, the 2007 financial budget favored spending on defense which brought an overall decline in resources allocated for developing U. S social welfare programs Another worrying line of attack in which terrorism is affecting U. S economy is the current decline of the U. S dollar. By 2007, an 8% decline was recorded in U. S dollar’s performance in index compared to its six largest trading partners. According to the predictions made by Stephen Malyon, (a currency strategist at Scotia Capital in Toronto) the current weakness in dollar should persist for the first two quarters of the current financial year, while a rise of $1. 55 in Euro against dollar was also anticipated by him. (Ellis 2008) Terrorism creates an anxiety in the midst of American people who quite frequently hear about terrorist threats and the on going war on terrorism, while a general sense of insecurity has detained the business community, and this has created a lack of confidence among the main stream investors. Terrorism has also put the burden of humongous expense that the nation had to face in shape of Dept of home land security, ever since Sept 11, while this dept controls almost all issues related to national security and U. S intelligence, an increase in the federal resources and funds devoted towards this department, and as a consequence every year a considerable decline is recorded in social benefits such as education and national health care. Other affects of terrorism on American economy at large are the red ink taxes, increase in oil cost and the decline in dollar value; all of this is contributing towards decreasing the purchase power of an average American. Economists worldwide agree that the negative aspects and the decline in U. S economy is the cost that USA is paying for the war on terrorism. More over a large number of political & economical analyst feel that the issue of terrorism is being propagated by the American presidential candidates in there political agendas which is a major cause of nervousness among the nation. Many argue today about United States aggressive strategy to counter terrorism has been a mistake and think that a defensive strategy would have been a more appropriate choice in terms of the affects of terrorism on U. S economy. Work Cited; †¢ Enders Walter and Todd Sandler. The Political Economy of Terrorism. 1st ed. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University, 2006. †¢ Abadie, Gardeazabal. â€Å"Terrorism and the World Economy. †(2007): 40. †¢ Orszag, Peter R. United States, CBO. The Budget and Economic Outlook:Fiscal Years 2008-2017. Washington, DC: CBO, 2007. †¢ Ellis, David. â€Å"Dollar’s slide. †It’s the economy, stupid (2008 )
Friday, August 16, 2019
Informative Speech on Early Childhood Education Essay
â€Å"Whatever the mind can conceived, it can be achieved†– such is the immortal axiom of Dale Carnegie, which has become a universal motivational tool to enhance performance and uncover untapped potentials. But the validity of this maxim does not hold true only for adults, but for the young ones as well – even for the unborn, pulsating fetus in a mother’s womb. Would you believe that infants are like little computers? At the University of British Columbia, Canada, an experiment was conducted with the objective to gauge how the brain of an eight-month-old girl would react to words using small electrode capped to her head. And you know what have they found out? : study has deduced that infants, like little computers, learn by statistically analyzing the impressions they receive! It was further found out that even young babies could tell when there is a gap of only 16 milliseconds between the sounds! Can you imagine that brainpower of a baby! That is why advocates stressed that the impact of enhancing brain development right in the first five years, or even in the prenatal stage, is so great that you want to do it right from the very start. Timing is important but promptness is more relevant. And why is this so? – Simply because at age 0 to 5 years, development of human brain is greater than any other stages of his entire life. Earl Morrison shows how different body features changes over time. The most factual revelation of it is that Head Size and Brain weight develop almost completely at age 5 years compared to other body features, while all features attain full changes upon the age of 18. (Morrison) In short, 90% of brain’s physical development is happening at 0-5 years of human life, the early childhood stage, the critical stage when brain assimilations of information is great and prompt nurturing is timely right. Similar demand for physical nurturing holds true for fetus in the womb. Books, on human physiology reveals that infant nutrition really begins during fetal life. Most evidence indicates that the human fetus is entirely parasitic and will take nearly everything it requires for nutrition from the mother, even if this depletes her tissues! The food intake is proportionally higher in infancy and childhood than in adult life because basal metabolism is higher at this stage. (Arnow) Prenatal enrichment has been practiced for thousands of years, dating back to the ancient Chinese. A research of Dr. Brent Logan at the Educational Development Foundation, in cooperation with Gahanna Children’s College yields a unique prenatal stimulation using heartbeat-like sounds of increasing complexity as the most effective means of communicating with developing child. Other prenatal enrichment approaches that use music, reading or singing have been tried, however: the fluid surrounding the baby muffles all but the simplest of sounds, music is too random and complex, the spoken word is too hard to understand. Its use normally during the second trimester of mother’s pregnancy gives a wonderful bonding experience for baby and the rest of the family. Babies are born more relaxed with their eyes and hands open and crying little, nurse better, sleep better; reach developmental milestones more quickly, have advanced language, musical, and creative abilities; have enhanced curiosity and the ability to gather and process information very quickly. Prenatal enriched children demonstrate expanded cognitive abilities and higher than average IQs. Throughout life, this advantages would mean child’s ability to absorb and appreciate far more of his/her environment than one who did not receive prenatal enrichment It has been believe that, someday, its use will be as much a part of being pregnant as is taking prenatal vitamins. (Logan) Over the past 25 years, industrialized countries have experienced major changes in rearing arrangements for young children. This transformation stems, in part, from changes in the roles women now play in society – especially changes in maternal employment at an early stage in children’s lives. Increased reliance on paid childcare has fostered intense research on their positive and negative effects on children’s health, cognitive capacity, adjustment, and social relationships. One of the two studies conducted for ages 0-2 years revealed that children reared on child care exhibits the following behaviors: insecure attachments to their mothers, patterns of less harmonious mother-child interaction, higher levels of problem behavior, and teacher-reported social competence and poorer academic work habits. (Belsky) In the other study conducted for ages 2-5 inversely reveals more of advantages of good-quality care and its potential benefits for children. In particular, childcare offers more extensive social contacts opportunities opening extended social world for them. Positive childcare experiences also enhance later educational opportunities, such that those experiencing early non-parental care are better able to benefit from education, adjust to routines, and resist conflicts. (Ahnert L) Nevertheless, home remains the emotional center of children’s lives and it is important that supportive parent-child relationships need not be harmed by childcare experiences even when children spend considerable amounts of time in care. It is undeniably during these first five years of life, that we can most effectively impact and influence a child’s brain, stage when the brain is storing information and memories that will be the foundation for a lifetime of skills and potential. If this foundation is flawed, it can affect the entire life span of the individual. Advocates of early brain development and school readiness give the following 10 guidelines: Be warm, loving, and responsive; Respond to the child’s cues and clues; Enjoy talking, reading and singing to your child; Establish positive routines and rituals; Encourage child to play and explore safely; Make TV watching selective; Use discipline as an opportunity to teach; Accept the fact that each child is unique; Take care of yourself; and lastly Reach out and get some help. In finality, it is truly a wonderful opportunity to enrich the lives of our children and help them realize their full potential. â€Å"The first years truly last forever†but it will only be render possible and achievable, if and only if, as a parent, your mind has conceived it. References: Ahnert L, Lamb ME. . â€Å"Child Care and Its Impact on Young Children, 2-5†. Montreal, Quebec, 2004. Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development [online]. Ed. Barr RG Tremblay RE, Peters RDeV, eds. : Centre of Excellence for Early Childhood Development. February 27 2007. < http://www. excellence-earlychildhood. ca/documents/Ahnert-LambANGxp. pdf. >. Arnow, Eagle Introduction to Physiology and Pathological Chemistry. 9th ed. Minnesota: The C. V. Mosley Co. , 1976. Belsky, J. . â€Å"Child Care and Its Impact on Young Children (0-2)†. Montreal, Quebec, 2005. Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development [online]. Ed. Barr RG Tremblay RE, Peters RDeV. Centre of Excellence for Early Childhood Development. February 27 2007. . Logan, Brent â€Å"Learning before Birth: Every Child Deserves Giftedness†. 2006. February 28 2007.
Thursday, August 15, 2019
Urdu †The Origin and History of the Language Essay
The term Urdu derives from a Turkish word ordu meaning camp or army. The Urdu languagedeveloped between the Muslim soldiers of the Mughals armies who belonged to various ethnicities like Turks, Arabs, Persians, Pathans, Balochis, Rajputs, Jats and Afghans. These soldiers lived in close contact with each other and communicated in different dialects, which slowly and gradually evolved into present day Urdu. It is for this reason that Urdu is also referred to as Lashkari Zaban or language of the army. During its development Urdu language also assumed various names like the term Urdu-e-Maullah meaning the exalted army which was given by Emperor Shah Jahan and the term Rekhta meaning scattered (with Persian words) which was coined by the scholars for Urdu poetry. History and Evolution of Urdu Language Evolution and development of any language is dependent on the evolution and development of a society where that language is spoken. Various invasions and conquests on a place affect the development of its language. Urdu is no exception as it also underwent various stages of development. Urdu belongs to the Indo-Aryan family of languages. Urdu by origin is considered to be a descendent of Saur Senic Prakrit. The term Prakrriti means root or basis. It is a later version of Sanskrit. As Prakrit language began to develop, it was influenced by Western Hindi dialects of Khari Boli, Brij Bhasa and Haryanvi. With the coming of Insha’s Darya-e-Latafat*, a need was felt to differentiate Urdu with other languages especially Hindi. It became a Hindi-Urdu controversy and as a result Khari Boli and Devanagari became the identity of Indians while Urdu and Persian of Muslims. In this context, Persian and Arabic words replaced with Sanskrit served the purpose of differentiating Hindi from Urdu . Urdu emerged as a distinct language after 1193 AD – the time of the Muslims conquest. When the Muslims conquered this part of the continent, they made Persian the official and cultural language of India. As a result of the amalgamation of local dialects and the language of the invaders – which was either Persian, Arabic and Turkish, a new language evolved which later became Urdu. During the Mughals reign, Urdu was spoken in palaces and court and till the end of the Mughal rule; Urdu was the official language of most of Mughal states. This was the time when Urdu had become Persianized and enriched with Persian words, phrases and even script and grammar. With the coming of the British, new English words also became part of the Urdu language. Many English words were accepted in their real form while others were accepted after some modifications. Currently, Urdu vocabulary contains approximately 70% of Persian words and the rest are a mixture of Arabic and Turkish words. However, there are also traces of the French, Portuguese and Dutch language in Urdu. But these influences are little. Urdu was taken to other parts of the country by soldiers, saints and sufis and by the common people. As a result of the political, social and cultural contacts amongst the people of different speech and dialects, a mixed form of language formed called ‘Rekhta’ (Urdu and Persian in mixed form). Soon people started to use the new language in their speech and in literature which resulted in the enrichment of Urdu language and literature. Urdu Literature The origin of Urdu literature dates back to the 13th century in India during the Mughal rule. One of the most eminent earliest poets who made usage of Urdu in his poetry is Amir Khusro who can be called the father of Urdu language. In literature, Urdu was usually used along side Persian. Mughal kings were the great patrons of art and literature and it was under their rule that Urdu language reached its zenith. There used to be a tradition of ‘Sheri Mehfils’ (poetic gatherings) in the kings’ courts. Abul Fazal Faizi and Abdul Rahim Khankhana were the famous Urdu poets of Mughal court. Likewise, Mirza Ghalib, Allama Iqbal, Hakim Momin, Ibrahim Zauq, Mir Taqi Mir, Sauda, Ibn-e-Insha and Faiz Ahmed Faiz have contributed to the evolution of Urdu language through their literary works. It is indeed true that Hindi and Urdu are descendents of the same language i.e. Prakrit, but where the Hindi took influence from Sanskrit and adopted Devanagri script of writing, Urdu absorbed words from Persian, Turkish and Arabic languages and adopted Persian-Arabic script and Nastaliq calligraphic style of writing and emerged as a separate language. But beside common ancestry, the two languages are as different as can be. There are marked grammatical, phonological and lexical differences in both languages. Urdu was also used as a tool by the Muslims for freedom struggle and for creating awareness among Muslim communities in South Asia to unite under the banner of Independence from British Raj. For this, services of Maulana Hali, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Allama Iqbal are notable, who through their poetry and prose provoked the necessary spark in the lives of the Muslims. Urdu was chosen to become the national language of Pakistan at the time of Independence from British. Urdu is now the national language of Pakistan, spoken and understood thoroughly by majority of the population Urdu Poetry and Its Impact Anything written in any language has its own effects on its readers. And it influences their emotions and feelings. Urdu is the most progressive language and it has dramatic effects on the social, culture and literature of the generations. The most important role ofUrdu language is that it integrated the communities in the oriental societies. The defeaters and conquerors of the countries India ,Pakistan, Bangladesh and other countries has accepted the social ,cultural effects of their language. These conquerors were spoken Arabic and Persian. And these regions were speaking many different languages. To interact with each other they needed one common language. .this interaction developed a common communicative language called Urdu Basic source to spread Urdu language is poetry. Poetry played a very important role for establishment of the language As T.S. Eliot says, â€Å"Poetry should help, not only to refine the language of the time, but to prevent it from changing too rapidly.†Sixteenth to till nineteenth century has the masters of Urdu poetry .it is the golden time period for theUrdu poets. The poets of these days are following the grand masters. The noticeable effects of poetry are in the â€Å"Gazal†it also has romantic effects. People of different languages like to listen and read â€Å"Gazal†. Our history has the masters of the â€Å"Gazal†. The most popular names of the Gazal master are Mirza Galib, Mir Taqui Mir, Etc. nazam (poem) is also a form of poetry. Nazam (poem) depicts a continuous single theme ad mostly associated with philosophy. Nazam has marvelous social and political effects Nazam has changed the social and political structure of nations. The most popular nazam writers are Allama Muhammad Iqbal and josh. Both nazam and Gazal played a tremendous role to transform the thoughts of individuals and groups alike. In the history of Urdu literature Josh Mallihabadi was the grand poet who’s contribution is remarkable in the Urdu literature. Other forms of Urdu poetry are also contributed but for the short time period. The mixture of Arabic and Persian gave the richness to Urdu but with the concept of modernization and popularity of west culture in the East Urdu language in distorting
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